ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIOD IN WORLD HISTORY: FROM THE DAWN OF TIME TO 600 C.E.

CONTENT

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY TO KNOW Historic Regions All AP Regions Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica Sudanic Africa (West African Sahel) Historic States to Know River Valley Civilizations Amer-Indian geographic hearths Classical Empires Locations of world religions Internal vs. External migration Migration, Urbanization Immigration Movement in History Original spread of humans Indo-European Bantu Germanic and Viking Spread of world religions Polynesian

A.P. GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

MODERN NATIONS TO KNOW

THEMES THEMES (P.E.R.S.I.A.N., S.C.R.I.P.T.E.D.) OTHER Social, Gender Structures including Labor Systems Cultural and Intellectual Structures Religious Structures Interactions: War, Diplomacy, Trade Political Culture, Political Organization, State Structures, Technology Economics Demography (geography) and Environment OTHER Change and Continuity over Time Cause and Effect (Causes and Processes) Geography: Local and regional focus

THE ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIOD PERIODIZATION What themes set a period apart? When did it begin, when did it end? Nature and causes of change Breaks and continuity within a time period 1,000,000 BCE TO 600 CE Prehistoric: 1 million to 4500 BCE Ancient: 4500 to 1000 BCE Classical: 1000 BCE to 600 CE Breaks and Continuity within Period Prehistoric: Rise of Humans, Hunter Gatherers Ancient: Sedentary culture, domestications Classical: Use of Iron

ENVIRONMENT HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES Man had to adapt to environment or live Climates diverse, man’s adaptations diverse Man arose in Africa, spread out to other continents Harshest climates around deserts, desert like conditions Environment often forced man to change As civilization advances, man begins to change surroundings Hunter-gather nature Slash and burn was the transition to sedentary agriculture AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES Domestications Farming Herding Sedentary civilization PASTORAL SOCIETIES Nomads and their flocks Relationship to agricultural societies DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES WITH RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS

EARLY GEOGRAPHIC SETTING PRE-HISTORIC The whole world in all settings The first towns, cities arose in marginal zones Some building materials Some foods, resources, marginal water, and protection ANCIENT Mesopotamia Sumer Assyria and Babylon Nile River Egyptian Kingdoms Kush-Meroe Indus River Harrappan, Mohenjo Daro Aryans Yellow River Xia Shang

LATER GEOGRAPHIC SETTING CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN Phoenicians, Jews, Persians Greeks: Hellenes, Hellenistic Age Romans: Republic and Empire SOUTH ASIA Persians and Greeks Mauryans Guptans EAST ASIA Zhou, Qin, Han CENTRAL ASIANS OTHERS Ghana, Axum-Ethiopia Mayans, Toltecs, Aztecs Incas and predecessors

CHANGE OVER TIME CULTURE Language, Religion Traditions and Institutions Occupations Past-times ARTS, SCIENCES TOOL MAKING CULTURE Hunter Gathers had tools, only primitive Neolithic technology become complex, varies NATURE OF CIVILIZATION Writing is at the center of a cultural change Complex culture based on living in a city People packed more closely together Social mores reflect this change Artisans, toolmakers have great influence SOPHISTICATION: Increased over time

CHANGE OVER TIME SOCIETY PRE-HISTORIC Gender equality, work equality Short life, Limited survival, foods Small groups, bands led by elders Religion: animist, afterlife ANCIENT: VILLAGE TO CIVILIZATION Sedentary life led to rise of social classes Social differences, gender differences Specialized occupations Rise of inequalities; rise of aristocrats, kings, priests Villages and a few cities CLASSICAL Continuation of Ancient although trends heightened Classes often become rigid, rise of warriors, war leaders

CHANGE OVER TIME SOCIAL STRUCTURE PALEOLITHIC Egalitarian = Survival of the fittest Men, women hunted, gathered so all would survive NEOLITHIC Gender differences set in with farming Rise of elites to run government Role specialization developed especially artisans ANCIENT Formal classes begin to arise Rise of formal religious, governing, commercial classes Introduction of slavery, serfdom, unfree labor especially farmers CLASSICAL Rigid class structures tending towards castes Rise of aristocracy, permanent warrior class; intellectuals Gender differences became pronounced but not as rigid yet

TECHNOLOGY OVER TIME The ability to make and use tools Materials Man has always been a toolmaker Tools increasingly designed to meet specific needs Simple to complex Materials Bone, Stone, Wood Mixture of Media Metalurgy: Copper, Bronze, Iron Include domestications as technology if necessary In many ways writing is a technology Technology really can only expand if group supports artisans who do not hunt, gather, farm Know how inventions improved life

CHANGE OVER TIME STATE STRUCTURES REGIONAL STATE STRUCTURES Small city states Sumer, Indus, Xia Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Mayans Regional states Shang Babylonia, Israel First Empire Tribute empires Egyptian Old Kingdom Toltecs, Akkad MULTIREGIONAL STATE STRUCTURES Empires Land empires Sea-based empires Assyrians, Egyptian New Kingdom Persians, Greeks, Romans Mauryans, Qin, Han, Inca, Aztec, Toltec SPECIALIZED GROUPS TO RUN STATE, BUREAUCRACY

CHANGE OVER TIME RELIGIONS UNIVERSALIZING vs ETHNIC RELIGIONS MAJOR FEATURES OF EACH, WHERE ARE RELIGIONS LOCATED EARLY RELIGIONS ANIMISM POLYTHEISM HINDUISM SHINTO PHILOSOPHIES AND RELIGIONS BLEND TAOISM, CONFUCIANISM, LEGALISM BUDDHISM HELLENIC PHILOSOPHY MONOTHEISM JUDAISM CHRISTIANITY ISLAM RISE OF PERMANENT RELIGIOUS CASTE, MORAL CODES

CHANGE OVER TIME INTERACTIONS War Not a new invention but rare in Pre-history History introduces scarcity, contest for it War becomes increasingly complex; warrior classes Technology effected war; empires are core of classical Diplomacy Similar to War Contact between states led to diplomacy First treaty was between Hittites, Egyptians Trade The simplest way for cities to overcome failings Trade for what you do not have Most international trade was for luxury Commodities traded locally, internally Exchanges: ideas, diseases Migration of nomads, Bantus, Indo-Europeans Interactions between nomads, sedentary

CLASSICAL ENDS Reasons for Decline Decline in Given Areas Geographic, Demographic, Environment Military, Political Economic, Social Decline in Given Areas Mediterranean South Asia East Asia That which remains Classical cultures Classical religions Classical traditions Interregional Networks: Trade, Spread of Religions Movements of Bantu, Huns, Germans, Polynesian

ESSAYS

COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS Compare major religions and philosophical systems including similarities in cementing a social hierarchy, e.g. Hinduism contrasted with Confucianism. Compare the role of women in different belief - Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, and Hinduism

COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS Understand how and why the collapse of empire was more severe in Western Europe than it was in the Eastern Mediterranean, China, or South India Compare the caste system to other systems of social inequality devised by ancient and Classical civilizations, including slavery

COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS Compare societies and cultures that include cities with pastoral and nomadic societies. Compare the development of traditions and institutions in major civilizations, e.g. Indian, Chinese, Greek Describe interregional trading systems e.g. the Indian Ocean trade system and the Silk Road

COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS Compare the political and social structures of two early civilizations using any two of the following: Mesopotamia (Sumer through Persia) Egypt (Old Kingdom through New Empire) Indus Valley (Harappan to Aryan) Shang Dynasty Mesoamerica (Olmecs, Mayans, Toltecs) Andean South America (Moche, Chan Chan)