Clinton, Bush, & Obama

Bill Clinton 1946 – Present 1946 – Present 42 nd President (1993 – 2001) 42 nd President (1993 – 2001) Won election despite numerous reports of extramarital affairs and having no national-level political experience Won election despite numerous reports of extramarital affairs and having no national-level political experience Promised major health- care reform in his campaign, but was unable to gain approval from a Republican controlled Congress Promised major health- care reform in his campaign, but was unable to gain approval from a Republican controlled Congress

The Internet During the mid-1990s, localized computer networks began to become interconnected as part of the “World Wide Web,” forever changing how we communicate During the mid-1990s, localized computer networks began to become interconnected as part of the “World Wide Web,” forever changing how we communicate Between 1997 and 2000, internet use soared 300% Between 1997 and 2000, internet use soared 300% The internet also sparked a boom in “dot.com” companies, briefly driving economic prosperity in the late 1990s The internet also sparked a boom in “dot.com” companies, briefly driving economic prosperity in the late 1990s

The Deficit and Taxes Clinton had campaigned on a platform of economic recovery through reduction of the federal deficit Clinton had campaigned on a platform of economic recovery through reduction of the federal deficit To do this, he was forced to increase taxes on the middle- class and on fuels To do this, he was forced to increase taxes on the middle- class and on fuels

Health Care Failure Clinton had also promised health care reform to provide health insurance to the 40 million Americans without it Clinton had also promised health care reform to provide health insurance to the 40 million Americans without it Clinton lacked enough political support in Congress for his reforms and was not able to fulfill this campaign promise Clinton lacked enough political support in Congress for his reforms and was not able to fulfill this campaign promise

Family Medical Leave Act Bill passed in 1993 Bill passed in 1993 Provides workers up to 12 weeks per year of unpaid family leave for the birth or adoption of a child, or for dealing with a serious illness of themselves or a close family member Provides workers up to 12 weeks per year of unpaid family leave for the birth or adoption of a child, or for dealing with a serious illness of themselves or a close family member

AmeriCorps Created in 1993 to put people to work improving low-income housing, tutoring students in reading, or in cleaning up the environment Created in 1993 to put people to work improving low-income housing, tutoring students in reading, or in cleaning up the environment While in AmeriCorps, you earn a small salary and scholarship money for continuing your education While in AmeriCorps, you earn a small salary and scholarship money for continuing your education Expanded by Pres. Bush Expanded by Pres. Bush Over 500,000 Americans have participated in the program Over 500,000 Americans have participated in the program

Crime & Gun Control Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993: requires federal background check before the purchase of a handgun, disallows handgun ownership for convicted felons, illegal aliens, the mentally ill, drug addicts, and domestic abusers Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993: requires federal background check before the purchase of a handgun, disallows handgun ownership for convicted felons, illegal aliens, the mentally ill, drug addicts, and domestic abusers Clinton also won funding for building new prisons and putting over 100,000 more police officers on the streets Clinton also won funding for building new prisons and putting over 100,000 more police officers on the streets

Gingrich’s Contract With America Rep. Newt Gingrich of Georgia, a Republican, put forward a plan in 1994 calling for lower taxes, welfare reform, tougher anti-crime laws, term limits, and a balanced budget amendment, which resulted in Republicans winning control of Congress and Gingrich becoming Speaker of the House Rep. Newt Gingrich of Georgia, a Republican, put forward a plan in 1994 calling for lower taxes, welfare reform, tougher anti-crime laws, term limits, and a balanced budget amendment, which resulted in Republicans winning control of Congress and Gingrich becoming Speaker of the House Democratic president + Republican Congress = stalemate for two years until the two sides learned to work together in 1996 Democratic president + Republican Congress = stalemate for two years until the two sides learned to work together in 1996

Balancing the Budget Clinton allowed the federal government to shut down in 1995 rather than accept a Republican-backed budget which cut into social program spending Clinton allowed the federal government to shut down in 1995 rather than accept a Republican-backed budget which cut into social program spending Eventually the two sides compromised and produced a balanced budget bill that was acceptable to all parties Eventually the two sides compromised and produced a balanced budget bill that was acceptable to all parties

Welfare Reform Act Passed in 1996 Passed in 1996 Limited recipients to no more than 2 consecutive years on welfare and no more than 5 years total Limited recipients to no more than 2 consecutive years on welfare and no more than 5 years total Required those receiving welfare to work Required those receiving welfare to work Gave tax breaks to any company hiring a person on welfare Gave tax breaks to any company hiring a person on welfare

1996 Election Democrats nominated Clinton for a 2 nd term Democrats nominated Clinton for a 2 nd term Republicans nominated Sen. Bob Dole of Kansas Republicans nominated Sen. Bob Dole of Kansas Billionaire H. Ross Perot ran once again as an independent Billionaire H. Ross Perot ran once again as an independent Clinton won, but in a fairly close race Clinton won, but in a fairly close race

Budget Surplus As the economy recovered, so did federal tax collections, leading to a federal budget surplus – the government actually took in more in taxes than it spent from 1997 to 2002 As the economy recovered, so did federal tax collections, leading to a federal budget surplus – the government actually took in more in taxes than it spent from 1997 to 2002

Children’s Programs Banned tobacco advertising aimed at children or teenagers Banned tobacco advertising aimed at children or teenagers Children’s Health Insurance Program: provides health insurance for children whose families can not afford it Children’s Health Insurance Program: provides health insurance for children whose families can not afford it Expanded federal loans for college tuition Expanded federal loans for college tuition Expanded funding for Head Start Expanded funding for Head Start

Scandals Travelgate: scandal over the questionable dismissal of White House Travel Office staff Travelgate: scandal over the questionable dismissal of White House Travel Office staff Troopergate: scandal over Clinton’s use of state troopers to cover-up his extramarital affairs while Governor of Arkansas Troopergate: scandal over Clinton’s use of state troopers to cover-up his extramarital affairs while Governor of Arkansas Whitewater: scandal over Clinton’s alleged arranging of illegal loans to a real estate developer while Governor Whitewater: scandal over Clinton’s alleged arranging of illegal loans to a real estate developer while Governor

The Monica Lewinsky Scandal In 1998, Clinton was accused of having an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky In 1998, Clinton was accused of having an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky When questioned under oath, Clinton lied about his relationship, committing the crime of perjury When questioned under oath, Clinton lied about his relationship, committing the crime of perjury Clinton later admitted to the affair and apologized Clinton later admitted to the affair and apologized

Impeachment In Dec. 1998, Clinton became only the second president to be impeached In Dec. 1998, Clinton became only the second president to be impeached The House of Representatives passed articles of impeachment for perjury and obstruction of justice related to the Lewinsky scandal The House of Representatives passed articles of impeachment for perjury and obstruction of justice related to the Lewinsky scandal In Feb. 1999, Clinton was acquitted by the Senate in a narrow vote In Feb. 1999, Clinton was acquitted by the Senate in a narrow vote

Somalia Battle of Mogadishu: Oct. 3-4, 1993 Battle of Mogadishu: Oct. 3-4, 1993 US forces on a peace- keeping mission in Somalia were ambushed while attempting to rescue the crews of two helicopters which had been shot down US forces on a peace- keeping mission in Somalia were ambushed while attempting to rescue the crews of two helicopters which had been shot down 19 Americans were killed and 73 wounded 19 Americans were killed and 73 wounded Popularized in the movie Black Hawk Down Popularized in the movie Black Hawk Down US forces left Somalia US forces left Somalia

Haiti After a military coup overthrew the democratically elected government of Haiti, the UN put a trade embargo in place After a military coup overthrew the democratically elected government of Haiti, the UN put a trade embargo in place To end the violence in Haiti, Clinton ordered US troops to invade and restore order, but Haiti’s new rulers were convinced to step down by former Pres. Carter before the invasion took place To end the violence in Haiti, Clinton ordered US troops to invade and restore order, but Haiti’s new rulers were convinced to step down by former Pres. Carter before the invasion took place US troops still took up position in Haiti for many weeks to ensure a peaceful transition US troops still took up position in Haiti for many weeks to ensure a peaceful transition

Bosnia Civil war between Orthodox Christian Serbs, Catholic Croatians, and Bosnian Muslims broke out between 1991 and 1995 Civil war between Orthodox Christian Serbs, Catholic Croatians, and Bosnian Muslims broke out between 1991 and 1995 US-led NATO forces were used to end the fighting and to enforce the 1996 Dayton Accords peace plan US-led NATO forces were used to end the fighting and to enforce the 1996 Dayton Accords peace plan

Kosovo Civil war broke out in 1998 between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo Civil war broke out in 1998 between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo Again, US-led NATO forces were used to bring an end to the fighting and to enforce a peace plan Again, US-led NATO forces were used to bring an end to the fighting and to enforce a peace plan

Middle Eastern Peace? Clinton orchestrated an agreement between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) in which the two sides agreed to negotiate over Palestinian rights in Israel Clinton orchestrated an agreement between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) in which the two sides agreed to negotiate over Palestinian rights in Israel Unfortunately, no lasting peace agreement was ever struck Unfortunately, no lasting peace agreement was ever struck

NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement Passed in 1994 Passed in 1994 Canada, Mexico, and the US joined into a “free trade zone” Canada, Mexico, and the US joined into a “free trade zone” Increased US trade with its neighbors, but shifted many manufacturing jobs to Mexico while the US became a service and technology based economy Increased US trade with its neighbors, but shifted many manufacturing jobs to Mexico while the US became a service and technology based economy

European Union Formed in 1993 Formed in 1993 Created to promote economic and political cooperation amongst European states Created to promote economic and political cooperation amongst European states Members share a common currency (the Euro) Members share a common currency (the Euro) Weakened US political and economic influence in Europe, as EU members began to cut back on US imports Weakened US political and economic influence in Europe, as EU members began to cut back on US imports

Kyoto Protocol International environmental conference, held in Japan in 1997 International environmental conference, held in Japan in nations plus the EU agreed to reduce greenhouse emissions, but the US never approved the plan and pulled out of the talks in nations plus the EU agreed to reduce greenhouse emissions, but the US never approved the plan and pulled out of the talks in 2001

Oklahoma City Bombing April 19, 1995 April 19, 1995 Terror attack carried out by American Timothy McVeigh, an anti- government militiaman Terror attack carried out by American Timothy McVeigh, an anti- government militiaman Truck bomb detonated in front of the federal building, killing 168 Truck bomb detonated in front of the federal building, killing 168 McVeigh was later executed for his role in the attack McVeigh was later executed for his role in the attack

Terror Attacks World Trade Center bombing: Feb. 26, 1993, Islamic terrorists detonated a truck bomb under the WTC in an attempt to bring down the North Tower, killing 6 and injuring over 1000 World Trade Center bombing: Feb. 26, 1993, Islamic terrorists detonated a truck bomb under the WTC in an attempt to bring down the North Tower, killing 6 and injuring over 1000 US Embassy bombings: US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were attacked by terror bombers in Aug US Embassy bombings: US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were attacked by terror bombers in Aug USS Cole: US warship which was attacked in Oct by al Qaeda suicide bomber, killing 17 USS Cole: US warship which was attacked in Oct by al Qaeda suicide bomber, killing 17

Election of 2000 Democrats nominated Vice-President Al Gore Democrats nominated Vice-President Al Gore Republicans nominated Texas Governor George W. Bush Republicans nominated Texas Governor George W. Bush Environmentalist and reformer Ralph Nader ran as an independent Environmentalist and reformer Ralph Nader ran as an independent

Controversy In one of the closest elections in US history, Bush won by only 6 electoral votes, thanks largely to his victory in Florida In one of the closest elections in US history, Bush won by only 6 electoral votes, thanks largely to his victory in Florida The votes in Florida were so close that a recount was called, but due to problems with the ballots, recounting was difficult and required too much interpretation of voter intent The votes in Florida were so close that a recount was called, but due to problems with the ballots, recounting was difficult and required too much interpretation of voter intent

Bush v Gore When Bush was declared the winner in Florida, Gore sued When Bush was declared the winner in Florida, Gore sued The US Supreme Court was forced to rule on the validity of the election results and found that a hand recount of ballots, requiring interpretation of voter intent, was unfair, thereby allowing the election results to stand The US Supreme Court was forced to rule on the validity of the election results and found that a hand recount of ballots, requiring interpretation of voter intent, was unfair, thereby allowing the election results to stand

George W. Bush 1946 – Present 1946 – Present 43 rd President ( ) 43 rd President ( ) Former Governor of Texas Former Governor of Texas Son of President George H.W. Bush Son of President George H.W. Bush Former part-owner of the MLB’s Texas Rangers Former part-owner of the MLB’s Texas Rangers Only US President to have an MBA Only US President to have an MBA

9/11 Sept. 11, 2001 Sept. 11, 2001 Terrorists seized control of 4 airliners, crashing 2 into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, 1 into the Pentagon, and 1 into a field in Pennsylvania, killing nearly 3000 Americans, more than died at Pearl Harbor or on D-Day Terrorists seized control of 4 airliners, crashing 2 into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, 1 into the Pentagon, and 1 into a field in Pennsylvania, killing nearly 3000 Americans, more than died at Pearl Harbor or on D-Day

Reasons for Attacks Al Qaeda cited increased Western influence in the Muslim world, the presence of US military bases in Saudi Arabia, US sanctions against Iraq, and the US’ support for Israel as reasons for the attacks Al Qaeda cited increased Western influence in the Muslim world, the presence of US military bases in Saudi Arabia, US sanctions against Iraq, and the US’ support for Israel as reasons for the attacks

Osama bin Laden 1957 – – 2012 Billionaire member of a high-ranking Saudi family Billionaire member of a high-ranking Saudi family Reported leader of al Qaeda terrorist group Reported leader of al Qaeda terrorist group Believed to have orchestrated or been involved with multiple attacks, including the USS Cole bombing, US embassy bombings, and attacks in London and Madrid in Europe Believed to have orchestrated or been involved with multiple attacks, including the USS Cole bombing, US embassy bombings, and attacks in London and Madrid in Europe

The War on Terror After the 9/11 attacks, Bush declared a “War on Terror” aimed at destroying terrorist organizations anywhere in the world and stated that any nation which did not support the US in this effort would be viewed as hostile to our interests After the 9/11 attacks, Bush declared a “War on Terror” aimed at destroying terrorist organizations anywhere in the world and stated that any nation which did not support the US in this effort would be viewed as hostile to our interests Bush also vowed to engage in “preventive war” against nations which actively support terror groups Bush also vowed to engage in “preventive war” against nations which actively support terror groups

Dept. of Homeland Security Created in 2002 to coordinate all federal agencies in the fight against terrorism Created in 2002 to coordinate all federal agencies in the fight against terrorism Oversees the Border Patrol, Coast Guard, Customs, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), Transportation Security Agency (TSA), and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Oversees the Border Patrol, Coast Guard, Customs, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), Transportation Security Agency (TSA), and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

The Patriot Act Passed in Oct Passed in Oct Allowed secret searches in terror cases Allowed secret searches in terror cases Allowed wire-tapping, tracking of voic and Allowed wire-tapping, tracking of voic and Criticized by many as a violation of 4 th Amendment protections against unreasonable search and seizure Criticized by many as a violation of 4 th Amendment protections against unreasonable search and seizure

Afghanistan & the Taliban Oct – Present Oct – Present US began campaign against Taliban forces in Afghanistan due to their support of al Qaeda operations US began campaign against Taliban forces in Afghanistan due to their support of al Qaeda operations By Dec. 2001, Taliban had been ousted from leadership in the Afghan government, but continued to mount a resistance campaign By Dec. 2001, Taliban had been ousted from leadership in the Afghan government, but continued to mount a resistance campaign Over 1400 US soldiers have died in the campaign Over 1400 US soldiers have died in the campaign

The Axis of Evil Bush also focused US attention on North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as major threats to world peace and to US security Bush also focused US attention on North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as major threats to world peace and to US security He collectively called these states an “axis of evil” in a speech in early 2002 He collectively called these states an “axis of evil” in a speech in early 2002

Iraq & WMDs Iraq was identified by the Bush administration as the greatest threat due to suspicions that they possesses chemical, biological, and possibly nuclear “weapons of mass destruction” (WMD) Iraq was identified by the Bush administration as the greatest threat due to suspicions that they possesses chemical, biological, and possibly nuclear “weapons of mass destruction” (WMD)

Invading Iraq March 20, 1993 – Present March 20, 1993 – Present After UN sanctions failed to satisfy US suspicions of Iraqi possession of WMDs, Bush authorized invasion After UN sanctions failed to satisfy US suspicions of Iraqi possession of WMDs, Bush authorized invasion US quickly toppled Saddam Hussein’s government, but no WMDs were ever found US quickly toppled Saddam Hussein’s government, but no WMDs were ever found Over 4500 US soldiers have died in Iraq since Over 4500 US soldiers have died in Iraq since

No Child Left Behind Act Passed in 2001 Passed in 2001 Required states to begin using standardized testing in schools to measure improvements in education Required states to begin using standardized testing in schools to measure improvements in education States which do not use testing or which do not meet growth levels set out by the federal government lose federal funding for education States which do not use testing or which do not meet growth levels set out by the federal government lose federal funding for education Allows parents to move their children to another school if the school they are in does not meet standards for growth Allows parents to move their children to another school if the school they are in does not meet standards for growth

2004 Election Republicans nominated Bush for a 2 nd term Republicans nominated Bush for a 2 nd term Democrats nominated Sen. John Kerry of Massachusetts Democrats nominated Sen. John Kerry of Massachusetts Bush won by a narrow margin, largely due to support for his handling of the 9/11 attacks Bush won by a narrow margin, largely due to support for his handling of the 9/11 attacks

Hurricane Katrina August 2005 August 2005 Killed over 1800 along the Gulf coast, heavily damaged city of New Orleans Killed over 1800 along the Gulf coast, heavily damaged city of New Orleans Bush endured harsh criticism, including charges of racism, over the slow federal response to the disaster Bush endured harsh criticism, including charges of racism, over the slow federal response to the disaster

The Great Recession As federal deficits climbed in the mid-2000s, the US economy became unstable As federal deficits climbed in the mid-2000s, the US economy became unstable Over-extension of credit led to a collapse in the housing market Over-extension of credit led to a collapse in the housing market Sharp declines in consumer spending led to business failures and a sharp rise in unemployment Sharp declines in consumer spending led to business failures and a sharp rise in unemployment

2008 Election Republicans nominated Sen. John McCain of Arizona for President and Alaska Governor Sarah Palin for Vice President, only the 2nd woman to ever appear on a presidential ticket Republicans nominated Sen. John McCain of Arizona for President and Alaska Governor Sarah Palin for Vice President, only the 2nd woman to ever appear on a presidential ticket Democrats nominated Sen. Barack Obama of Illinois, the first black candidate for president in US history Democrats nominated Sen. Barack Obama of Illinois, the first black candidate for president in US history

Barack Obama 1961 – Present 1961 – Present 44 th President (2009 – Present) 44 th President (2009 – Present) First president from Hawai’I First president from Hawai’I Won 2008 election by a wide margin, winning over 10 million more popular votes and nearly 100 more electoral votes than his opponent Won 2008 election by a wide margin, winning over 10 million more popular votes and nearly 100 more electoral votes than his opponent