GENDER SPECIFICITY AND GENDER BUDGETING IN BULGARIA: SOCIO AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS GENDER SPECIFICITY AND GENDER BUDGETING IN BULGARIA: SOCIO AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS Dr. Rossitsa Rangelova Ministry of Labour and Social Policy Prague, 8-9 November 2007

The purpose of this presentation is to outline the gender specificity in Bulgaria related to the bio- demographic (ageing population, increase in life expectancy, worsened health indicators) and labour market aspects, and thus giving implications for working out of principles and implementation of GB from the point of view of the gender equality. The purpose of this presentation is to outline the gender specificity in Bulgaria related to the bio- demographic (ageing population, increase in life expectancy, worsened health indicators) and labour market aspects, and thus giving implications for working out of principles and implementation of GB from the point of view of the gender equality.

This gender analysis aims at contributing to the successful implementation of GB in budget planning, which means:  to organize more efficient cash flow management,  to organize shared responsibilities and rational spending of the resources between men and women, girls and boys,  to balance accumulated financial resources and the expenditures of the territorial community, expenditures of the territorial community,  to execute more effective control on raising and spending of money, and for its distribution between separate budget units on different levels,  to organize a more effective application of the labour force,  to achieve higher living standards.

Age structure of the total population in Bulgaria, 2006, % TotalMaleFemale Total

Projection of the population number by age in Bulgaria, young (0-14) and old people (65 and over),

Age structure of the urban population in Bulgaria, 2006, % TotalMaleFemale Total

Age structure of the rural population in Bulgaria, 2006, % TotalMaleFemale Total

Basic demographic indicators, 2006 TotalUrbanRural Natural increase (per 1000) Structure by location, % Mortality (per 1000), incl Men Men Women Women Life expect. (years), incl Men Men Women Women Average age (years)

Projected variants of Life Expectancy in Bulgaria, , years VARIANT - fast improvement of life expectancy Total(m/f) 72.0 (68.7/75.3) 77.0 (74.0/80.1) 81.0 (78.2/83.8) VARIANT - middle improvement of life expectancy Total (73.4/79.4) 79.5 (76.7/82.4) VARIANT - slow improvement of life expectancy Total (72.6/78.4) 77.9 (75.2/80.6)

In general: Ageing population processes concern more heavily women that men; every fifth woman lives alone and these are mainly old ladies-widows. Ageing population processes concern more heavily women that men; every fifth woman lives alone and these are mainly old ladies-widows. Ageing population processes concern more heavily people living in the villages than those living in the towns. Ageing population processes concern more heavily people living in the villages than those living in the towns.

Standardized Death Rates (SDR), Сountry Total Мen Women Bulgaria Еstonia Poland Slovakia Hungary CEE ЕU

Utilization of health care expenditure by age groups, 2003

Economically active population aged 15 and over by gender, 2006 Total number 3,448 thousand or 51.8% Total number 3,448 thousand or 51.8%Including Men 57.2% Men 57.2% Women – 46.8% Women – 46.8%

Employed persons aged 15 and over, by gender, 2006 Total number 3,139.1 thousand or 47.1% of the population of the age of 15 and over, Total number 3,139.1 thousand or 47.1% of the population of the age of 15 and over, Including Including Men 1,667.0 thousand or 53.1% Men 1,667.0 thousand or 53.1% Women – 1,472.1 thousand or 46.9%. Women – 1,472.1 thousand or 46.9%.

Employment rate, 2006 is 52.2% for men is 52.2% for men and 42.5% for women. and 42.5% for women. In the urban settlements total employment rate is 52.1 %, while in rural areas it is 35.5 %. In the urban settlements total employment rate is 52.1 %, while in rural areas it is 35.5 %.

Structure of the employed persons by employment status, 2006

The share of employed in private sector of the total number employed persons has reached nearly 80% ( 79.7 %). The share of employed in private sector of the total number employed persons has reached nearly 80% ( 79.7 %).

Structure of the employed persons by economic sector, 2006

In general: The most important factor for access to employment of both men and women is their age, followed by level of education, place of residence, language skills and the last factor is their sex. The most important factor for access to employment of both men and women is their age, followed by level of education, place of residence, language skills and the last factor is their sex.

In general: The larger place of residence and the shorter distance to the administrative centres the easier access to the labour market and particularly to a job. The larger place of residence and the shorter distance to the administrative centres the easier access to the labour market and particularly to a job.

Structure of people by level of education and gender (Source: National Statistical Institute, 2006) Level of education MenWomen Higher4060 Secondary (high) 5248 Basic and lower 4654

Pay gap between men and women According to a national representative survey (“Women, Labour, Globalization”, 2003) pay gap is on average 67% in favour of men. According to a national representative survey (“Women, Labour, Globalization”, 2003) pay gap is on average 67% in favour of men. It is due mainly to the lack of access of women to highly-paid jobs in spite of their comparatively higher level of education. It is due mainly to the lack of access of women to highly-paid jobs in spite of their comparatively higher level of education.

Participation in life-long learning There are no major differences in female and male but in general, women are more active. There are no major differences in female and male but in general, women are more active. The place of residence, however, influences the participation level. Urban residents have over 3 times higher participation rate (25%) compared to rural dwellers (7.4%). The place of residence, however, influences the participation level. Urban residents have over 3 times higher participation rate (25%) compared to rural dwellers (7.4%).

Unemployment in 2006 (for 2007 up to now it is 6.8%) The number of unemployed persons was thousand or 9.0% of the economically active population, The number of unemployed persons was thousand or 9.0% of the economically active population, of which Men thousand (8.7%) and Women thousand (9.2%)

Unemployment by place of residence - in urban regions are thousand or 7.4% of the economically active population - in rural regions thousand or 13.9%.

Structure of the unemployed persons by level of education: higher thousand (3.7%), higher thousand (3.7%), secondary education thousand (7.6%), secondary education thousand (7.6%), primary or lower education thousand (19.5%). primary or lower education thousand (19.5%).

This gender analysis aims at contributing to the successful implementation of GB in budget planning, which means:  to organize more efficient cash flow management,  to balance accumulated financial resources and the expenditures of the territorial community,  to execute more effective control on raising and spending of money, and for its distribution between separate budget units on different levels.

Conclusion possibilities and problems for the implementation of gender budgeting Possibilities: Possibilities: - the real needs of GB implementation - the real needs of GB implementation - the known good practices in other countries in Europe and other regions of the world (Australia, Canada), some of which we could adopt and thus to spend time - the known good practices in other countries in Europe and other regions of the world (Australia, Canada), some of which we could adopt and thus to spend time - to take an advantage of the coincidence with the forthcoming process of decentralization of municipalities, which will optimize the budget expenditures - to take an advantage of the coincidence with the forthcoming process of decentralization of municipalities, which will optimize the budget expenditures - the implementation of Gender Mainstreaming could proceed mainly from the European Structural Funds - the implementation of Gender Mainstreaming could proceed mainly from the European Structural Funds

Conclusion possibilities and problems for the implementation of gender budgeting Problems: Problems: - lack of disaggregated gender statistics - lack of disaggregated gender statistics - lack of specific legislation on gender equality - lack of specific legislation on gender equality - gender problems are not regarded as a priority compared with other severe social problems at the present time - gender problems are not regarded as a priority compared with other severe social problems at the present time

Challenges - to overcome the underestimation of the gender problems compared with other social problems - to overcome the underestimation of the gender problems compared with other social problems - to make the society and the policy maker to realize the real effectiveness of GB implementation - to make the society and the policy maker to realize the real effectiveness of GB implementation - to organize a steady process of GB implementation and to control it - to organize a steady process of GB implementation and to control it - to take an advantage to accelerate the work on Gender Mainstreaming right away after the impending specific legislation on gender equality will come into force - to take an advantage to accelerate the work on Gender Mainstreaming right away after the impending specific legislation on gender equality will come into force

What should be done in the near future related to GB? To organize gender analyses in different aspects: To organize gender analyses in different aspects: - Analysis of the beneficiaries - Analysis on the state expenditures distribution - Analysis of direct and indirect taxes paid by the population - Analysis of the budget impact on more rational distribution of the time between paid and unpaid work - Analysis of the budget impact on more rational distribution of the time between paid and unpaid work - Preliminary analysis of the municipal resources by gender - Preliminary analysis of the municipal resources by gender - Preparing gender oriented project of the state budget - Preparing gender oriented project of the state budget

Thank you for your attention.