The relationship between urban socio-spatial structure, (in)security and residential well-being Márton Berki Research assistant, Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences TÁMOP A-11/1/KONV

Hungarian agglomerations surveyed Budapest Debrecen Szeged Miskolc Pécs Győr Nyíregyháza Kecskemét Székesfehérvár Questionnaire survey, carried out in January-February 2014 Total sample size (cities + agglomerations): N = 5.000

Types of residential areas surveyed Historical inner city (city centre) Inner residential belt (high status) Inner residential belt (low status) Housing estates (high status) Housing estates (low status) Detached houses (high status) Detached houses (low status) Rural character (high status) Rural character (low status) Villas (the highest status) Gated communities Recreation areas Slum housing, blighted areas

Types of residential areas surveyed Historical inner city (city centre) Inner residential belt (high status) Inner residential belt (low status) Housing estates (high status) Housing estates (low status) Detached houses (high status)Size of the subsample Detached houses (low status)(with the cities only): Rural character (high status)n = Rural character (low status) Villas (the highest status) Gated communities Recreation areas Slum housing, blighted areas

Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Report (2009) According to Stiglitz et al. (2009), well-being is multi-dimensional: Material living standards (income, consumption and wealth) Health Education Personal activities including work Political voice and governance Social connections and relationships Environment (present and future conditions) Insecurity, of an economic as well as a physical nature

Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Report (2009) According to Stiglitz et al. (2009), well-being is multi-dimensional: Material living standards (income, consumption and wealth) Health Education Personal activities including work Political voice and governance Social connections and relationships Environment (present and future conditions) Insecurity, of an economic as well as a physical nature ↓ THE CONNECTION(S) BETWEEN URBAN STRUCTURE AND (IN)SECURITY

Main theories of criminology Classical theory of criminology (Beccaria) Positivist theory of criminology (Lombroso, Guerry, Quetelet) Individual trait theory (Glueck–Glueck, Mednick, Caspi, Moffitt) Social disorganization theory (Shaw–McKay, Sampson, Bursik–Grasmick) Differential association & social learning & subcultural theory (Sutherland–Cressey, Sykes–Matza, Akers, Wolfgang–Ferracuti, Anderson) Anomie & institutional-anomie theory (Merton, Messner–Rosenfeld) Strain & general strain theory (Cohen, Cloward–Ohlin, Agnew) Rational choice theory (Stafford–Warr, Patternoster, Cornish–Clarke, Matsueda) Routine activities theory (Cohen–Felson) Developmental life course theory (Moffitt, Sampson–Laub) Critical theory of criminology (Bonger, Quinney, Greenberg, Currie, Colvin) Broken windows theory (Wilson–Kelling) (…)

Questions related to (in)security Is there a security alarm system in your household? (yes / no) Have you, or any other member of your household ever been the victim of a home burglary or physical assault? (yes / no) How safe do you think it is to walk in your neighbourhood after dark? (4 = very safe / 3 = rather safe / 2 = rather unsafe / 1 = unsafe) How serious do you perceive the following problems around your home? (burglaries, theft / physical assaults / organised crime / financial crimes) (5 = very serious / 1 = not serious)

Is there a security alarm system in your household? (yes / no) Have you, or any other member of your household ever been the victim of a home burglary or physical assault? (yes / no) How safe do you think it is to walk in your neighbourhood after dark? (4 = very safe / 3 = rather safe / 2 = rather unsafe / 1 = unsafe) How serious do you perceive the following problems around your home? (burglaries, theft / physical assaults / organised crime / financial crimes) (5 = very serious / 1 = not serious) Hard (objective) data vs. soft (subjective) perceptions Questions related to (in)security

There is a security alarm system installed within the household of the respondent (Only ‘yes’ answers are shown.)

Any member of the respondent’s household has already been the victim of a home burglary or physical assault (Only ‘yes’ answers are shown.)

How safe do you think it is to walk in your neighbourhood after dark? 1 = unsafe, 2 = rather unsafe, 3 = rather safe, 4 = very safe

Organised crimeFinancial crimes Burglaries, theftPhysical assaults

1 = not serious 5 = very serious How serious do you perceive the following problems around your home?

Summary, conclusions Obviously, Hungarian cities can not be conceptualised as homogeneous areas, nor in terms of (in)security, neither concerning their residents’ perceptions of (in)security As for ‘hard’ (yes/no) questions, a more or less ‘expected’ spatial hierarchy has been revealed: higher status areas ↔ lower rates of criminality lower status areas ↔ higher rates of criminality On the other hand, ‘softer’ questions aimed at personal perceptions shed light on a more unusual spatial hierarchy of urban (in)security

Summary, conclusions Source: Sýkora (2009)

Summary, conclusions Obviously, Hungarian cities can not be conceptualised as homogeneous areas, nor in terms of (in)security, neither concerning their residents’ perceptions of (in)security As for ‘hard’ (yes/no) questions, a more or less ‘expected’ spatial hierarchy has been revealed: higher status areas ↔ lower rates of criminality lower status areas ↔ higher rates of criminality On the other hand, ‘softer’ questions aimed at personal perceptions shed light on a more unusual spatial hierarchy of urban (in)security

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The relationship between urban socio-spatial structure, (in)security and residential well-being Márton Berki Research assistant, Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences TÁMOP A-11/1/KONV