THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance? In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview? How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance? In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview?
MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION -rise of universities in the High Middle Ages -broadening of the curriculum to include the study of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress -rise of universities in the High Middle Ages -broadening of the curriculum to include the study of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress
the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy) Renaissance allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigation Galileo was supported by the Medici family the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy) Renaissance allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigation Galileo was supported by the Medici family
The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism
Aristotle’s View of the Universe
Ptolemy’s Universe
THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ( ) -Polish astronomer challenged the Roman astronomer, Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric) planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun ( ) -Polish astronomer challenged the Roman astronomer, Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric) planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun
JOHANNAS KEPLER ( ) -German astronomer -formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical not circular -velocity (speed) of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun -Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory -German astronomer -formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical not circular -velocity (speed) of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun -Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
JOHANNAS KEPLER THE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
Galileo Galilei ( ) - Italian philosopher and astronomer Medici family was a patron (supporter) of his work -Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon - Italian philosopher and astronomer Medici family was a patron (supporter) of his work -Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon
Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and its moons Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrism It was not well received by the Church Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and its moons Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrism It was not well received by the Church
-Galileo’s views were challenged by the Church Church feared that helio-centrism would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universe This theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy
Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were condemned placed on the Index of Prohibited Books -he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest -Galileo recanted (took back) his views shortly before his death in 1642 Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were condemned placed on the Index of Prohibited Books -he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest -Galileo recanted (took back) his views shortly before his death in 1642
GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM ( OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)
GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS
THE DIALOGUE
Galileo before the Inquisition
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton ( ) -English mathematician – Cambridge University -built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis) formulated the mathematics for the universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe exerts a force on every other body) -provided evidence that the universe was governed by precise mathematical relationships -English mathematician – Cambridge University -built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis) formulated the mathematics for the universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe exerts a force on every other body) -provided evidence that the universe was governed by precise mathematical relationships
-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.” -the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world -Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.” -the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world
Newton’s 3 Laws 1.“Law of Inertia” 2.F=ma 3.“equal and opposite” 1.“Law of Inertia” 2.F=ma 3.“equal and opposite”
UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
Newton also came to better understand the properties of light