Source A: cartoon by David Low, Evening Standard, 11 March "ACH! SO YOU WON'T BE PEACEFUL, HEY? YOU BIG BULLIES!" 1. How fully does Source A illustrate the problems facing Britain and France as a result of Hitler's remilitarisation of the Rhineland in March 1936? Use the source and recalled knowledge. 6

Source B: from an article in the Daily Worker, the newspaper of the British Communist Party, 12 March British people must act. The struggle for British peace and democracy has entered a stage of great tension. In Spain, Franco has launched his offensive. In Austria the great majority of people are heroically fighting for their independence. At the time of writing German troops are massing on the Austrian frontier...When are the British people going to pull their weight in this historic struggle? Chamberlain has declared that small nations in Europe need not look to the League of Nations. This is a plain indication to Hitler that so far as Britain is concerned he is free to destroy the independence of Austria and Czechoslovakia. The British people should be under no illusions. If fascism wins in these countries, it will threaten the very existence of democracy in Britain. It is not merely the peace of central Europe that is trembling in the balance. It is the peace of the world. 2.How valuable is Source B as evidence of public opinion at the time of the Anschluss? In reaching a conclusion you should refer to: the origin and possible purpose of the source; the content of the source; recalled knowledge. 5

Source B: from an article in the Daily Worker, the newspaper of the British Communist Party, 12 March British people must act. The struggle for British peace and democracy has entered a stage of great tension. In Spain, Franco has launched his offensive. In Austria the great majority of people are heroically fighting for their independence. At the time of writing German troops are massing on the Austrian frontier...When are the British people going to pull their weight in this historic struggle? Chamberlain has declared that small nations in Europe need not look to the League of Nations. This is a plain indication to Hitler that so far as Britain is concerned he is free to destroy the independence of Austria and Czechoslovakia. The British people should be under no illusions. If fascism wins in these countries, it will threaten the very existence of democracy in Britain. It is not merely the peace of central Europe that is trembling in the balance. It is the peace of the world. Source C: from a speech by Lord Londonderry in the House of Lords, 16 March It is no good disguising from ourselves that what has happened in Austria was a foregone conclusion. We can see by the enthusiasm with which Hitler is received in Austria that his arrival is welcomed by the great majority of the population. This change has relieved the terrible tension that has existed in Austria for many years. The great majority of the Austrian population are in favour of the change that has come about. Chancellor Schuschnigg, instead of making a peaceful declaration, has made the situation more dangerous. I think that had the plebiscite taken place it would have been followed by riots, bloodshed and Communist revolution, and we might have seen in Austria the same circumstances as we see in Spain at the present moment. One must feel that the drastic action by Herr Hitler has prevented bloodshed and revolution. 3. Compare the views of Sources B and C concerning the Anschluss in March Compare the content overall and in detail. 5

Source D: from Donald Lindsay, Europe and the World (1979). The fall of Austria was the beginning of the end for the Czechs. Their former friends felt that they could do little to save them from being swallowed up in a greater Germany. However, the key to the diplomacy of the next few months lay with the British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain. Hitler had based his hopes on Chamberlain's belief that another war with Germany would be folly and must be avoided at all costs. Every concession that Chamberlain made led Hitler to demand more. Chamberlain's great mistake was not his attempt to remove genuine grievances among the Germans but his belief that Hitler's promises could be trusted. 4. How far do you agree with Source D's analysis of Chamberlain's policy during the Czech crisis of September 1938? Use the source and recalled knowledge. 6

Source C: from a speech by Lord Londonderry in the House of Lords, 16 March It is no good disguising from ourselves that what has happened in Austria was a foregone conclusion. We can see by the enthusiasm with which Hitler is received in Austria that his arrival is welcomed by the great majority of the population. This change has relieved the terrible tension that has existed in Austria for many years. The great majority of the Austrian population are in favour of the change that has come about. Chancellor Schuschnigg, instead of making a peaceful declaration, has made the situation more dangerous. I think that had the plebiscite taken place it would have been followed by riots, bloodshed and Communist revolution, and we might have seen in Austria the same circumstances as we see in Spain at the present moment. One must feel that the drastic action by Herr Hitler has prevented bloodshed and revolution. Source D: from Donald Lindsay, Europe and the World (1979). The fall of Austria was the beginning of the end for the Czechs. Their former friends felt that they could do little to save them from being swallowed up in a greater Germany. However, the key to the diplomacy of the next few months lay with the British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain. Hitler had based his hopes on Chamberlain's belief that another war with Germany would be folly and must be avoided at all costs. Every concession that Chamberlain made led Hitler to demand more. Chamberlain's great mistake was not his attempt to remove genuine grievances among the Germans but his belief that Hitler's promises could be trusted. Source E: from Lord Boothby, Booth by, Recollections of a Rebel (1978). From 1935 until 1939 I watched the political leaders of Britain, in government and in opposition, at pretty close quarters. I reached the conclusion that they were all frightened men. On four occasions Hitler and his gang of bloody murderers could have been brought down, and a second world war averted, by an ultimatum: when he marched into the Rhineland; when he denounced the Treaties of Versailles and Locarno and began to rearm; when he brutally annexed Austria and when (with Chamberlain's support) he attacked Czechoslovakia. Every time we failed to do it. And four times is a lot. The reason for it can, I am afraid, only be put down to a squalid combination of cowardice and greed. The British ministers responsible, instead of being promoted, should have been sacked. 5. How fully do Sources C, D and E explain the reasons behind British foreign policy in the 1930s? Use Sources C, D and E and recalled knowledge. 8