1 Marine Biology Chapter 1

2 Why We Study The Ocean Scientists study and try conserve the ocean for several reasons. Some are positive and some negative on human life.

3 Positives Some positive reasons to study or conserve the oceans include: protection of food sources medical reasons raw materials oxygen production tourism

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5 Photosynthesis done by phytoplankton near the surface

6 Negatives The oceans have a negative affect on human life as well. These must be studied and include: the erosion on piers and beaches foul the bottom of ships with barnacles clogging of intake and outtake pipes.

7 Erosion

8 Foul the Bottom of Ships/Piers

9 Clog Intake Pipes

10 History of Marine Bio 995 AD-Leif Eriksson discovered Vinland-today we call it North America.

James Cook explored the oceans, he was the first European to see the Antarctic Ice fields and see Hawaii and many other Pacific islands. He also made use of a chonomerter which is a time piece used to accurately prepare charts. Although he was good to the people on the islands, he was killed in 1779 in Hawaii.

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Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle for 5 years. He was famous for his theory of evolution but originally studied barnacles.

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16 Challenger Mission 1872-A voyage for the purpose of ocean exploration. The ship was called the Challenger which set sail from England and went around the world.

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18 Why Scientists Wanted In Some scientists were content with studying dead material. Many others wanted to get on board of the Challenger to study animals in the wild. This was one of their only chances because other ships did not have the room for a scientist who was not working for the shipping company.

19 How They Tried To Study The Bottom Scientists wanted to get in the water but were limited to shallow water because of the limit of breath or visibility. It was difficult to see the bottom so SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging) was used.

20 Very Slow and Time Consuming

21 How Scientists Could Study Underwater Air was pumped into a helmet so the diver could breathe. This was limited to length of the breathing tube.

22 How Could Scientists Get Up Close? After World War II, SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) was introduced. This allowed scientists to breathe underwater and see life in action.

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24 Disadvantages of SCUBA Divers do not have an unlimited amount of air. The human body cannot survive diving too deep. In the case of an emergency, divers cannot surface too quickly because they will have a complication called the Bends.

25 Hyperbaric Chamber Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves breathing 100% oxygen in a sealed chamber. This concentration is five times higher than the normal air we breathe. The chamber is also pressurized to create 1.5 to 3 times normal atmospheric pressure.

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27 Bends Video -activities/water-sports/question101.htm -activities/water-sports/question101.htm 5:51

28 New Ways to Study the Ocean ROV’s (Remotely Operated Vehicles) Critter Cams Tags

29 ROV

30 Benefits of Using an ROV A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) can go very deep and study marine life up close. ROVs are unoccupied, highly maneuverable and operated by a person aboard a vessel. They are linked to the ship by a tether and a group of cables that carry electrical power, video and data signals back and forth between the operator and the vehicle.

31 Critter Cam

32 Benefits of a Critter Cam A research tool designed to be worn by wild animals. It combines video and audio recording with collection of environmental data such as depth, temperature, and acceleration without interference by a human observer.

33 Monitoring Large Schooling Fish Scientists monitor large schooling fish like tuna and swordfish to gather information about where they have been and monitor breeding and feeding patterns. Monitors are also used on sharks and whales for the same purposes.

34 Crittercam Video C0 C0 7:00

35 Tagging

36 Tagging 3:00

37 Thought Questions It will be a good idea to copy these down!

38 What are the benefits and risks of SCUBA?

39 How have ROV’s revolutionized marine biology?

40 What can be learned using a crittercam?

41 How are animals tagged and why is it important?