Overview  Dualism v. Monism  Circadian Rhythm (25 hr. without light cues)  Jet Lag  Levels  Sleep  Dreams  Hypnosis  Drugs

Levels of Consciousness  Conscious: Currently aware of  Nonconscious: Body processes (heartbeat)  Preconscious: Can bring to consciousness  Subconscious: Processing (priming, analysis)  Unconscious: Unavailable (repressed content)  Disputed by many

Sleep (NREM vs. REM)  90 minute cycle  Hypnagogic Sensations  Sleep Spindles (Stage 2)  Deep Sleep (recuperate)  REM (paradoxical)  More & vivid dreams

Theories of Sleep RestorativeAdaptive  Rejuvenates mind/body  REM: Mental function  NREM: Physical functions  REM Rebound  Conserve energy and avoid predators  Part of Circadian Rhythm

Sleep Disorders  Insomnia: Most common  Trouble falling or staying asleep  Narcolepsy: Fall into REM unexpectedly  Sleep Apnea: Cessation of breathing & gasping  Most common in overweight men over 50  Deprive of deep sleep  Sleepwalking: “Somnambulism”  More common in children  During Stage 3 or 4  Night Terrors: More common in children  Stage 3 & 4

Dream Theories Psychoanalytic Activation-Synthesis  Dreams reveal unconscious  Latent vs. Manifest  Random signals from the brainstem are synthesized (put together) into a dream Info-Processing  Dreams are used to integrate daily events into our memory

Hypnosis Role/Social Influence TheoryDissociation Theory  Not an altered state  Some are more hypnotically suggestible  Social: Acting a role are following suggestions  Ernest Hilgard  Divided consciousness (altered state)  Hidden Observer: Hand in ice water experiment  Has been used in pain control

 Change chemicals in brain and create altered states  Expectation affects reaction  Blood-brain barrier  Agonist vs. Antagonist  Withdrawal  Tolerance (habituation)  Types :  Depressants  Stimulants  Hallucinogens  Opiates Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants  Slow down autonomic system  Alcohol, Barbituates, Anxiolytics (tranquilizers like Valium)  Cerebellum slows = no balance

Stimulants  Speed Autonomic  Caffeine, Cocaine, Amphetamines (Crystal Meth), Nicotine  Withdrawal is physical and psychological

Hallucinogens aka Psychodelics  Cause changes in perception of reality  LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin mushrooms, marijuana  Stay in system longer

Opiates  Endorphin agonists (kill pain, produce euphoria)  Derived from poppy plant  Highly physically addictive