SUSTAINABILITY

REVIEW Types of Globalization Dubai’s sustainability Mountain Pine Beetle Began looking at World views.

EXPANSIONIST WORLD VIEW Industrial Revolution led to mechanization, more factories, railways, and steam ships. -These required a lot of resources. -Jobs were created, people moved from the farms to cities. -Belief was, “look at all these jobs, look at all this wealth. Clearly we are doing a good thing.”

EXPANSIONIST WORLD VIEW Nature is a resource to be used, not preserved. Conservation must work together with the dominant values of the surrounding society, not against them. The primary value of natural areas lie in their value to modern society. Conservation should work against the wastefulness and environmentally disruptive excesses of a developing society. Conservation is equated with sustainable exploitation.

ECOLOGICAL WORLD VIEW Pretty quickly, people started to react to the massive exploitation of the natural resources. A movement began to do what it could to help sustain the natural environment. Cities started leaving open areas to escape the modern world. National parks started being set aside, things like that. London today.

ECOLOGICAL WORLD VIEW The universe is a totality, with all parts interrelated and interlocked. The biotic community and its processes must be protected. Nature is intrinsically valuable. Animals, trees, rocks, etc., have value in themselves. Human activities must work within the limitations of the planet’s ecosystem. Preservation works against the dominant societal values. Nature provides a forum to judge the state of human society.

GROWTH OF MODERN ENVIRONMENTALISM Since the end of the Second World War, the increased industrialization and exploitation of the planet has seen many people become interested in protecting it. Disasters like chemical spills, oil leaks, nuclear reactor damage, loss of animal life, and others have pushed us further towards that. By the 1980s, environmentalism had grown to have an international awareness. By the 1990s, companies began trying to change their image to reflect a concern for global environmental awareness.

LET’S LOOK AT SOME MODERN WORLD VIEWS. SPACESHIP EARTH This idea is that earth is a spaceship. We have only so much food, water, etc. We have to be careful with what we have.

LET’S LOOK AT SOME MODERN WORLD VIEWS. GAIA HYPOTHESIS Earth is a living organism that self-regulates to maintain living conditions. Everything is interconnected. Organisms on the planet exist in balance; things level out on their own.

LET’S LOOK AT SOME MODERN WORLD VIEWS. LIMITS-TO-GROWTH THESIS This is based on models of population growth. In 1972, the experts who came up with it predicted that there was only 100 years left for humanity on the planet (comfortably). Terms like Peak Oil started being talked about. Carrying Capacity – the maximum number of people that can be sustained by the Earth’s resources.

LET’S LOOK AT SOME MODERN WORLD VIEWS. CORNUCOPIAN THESIS The theory that advances in science and technology will keep up with the decline in the amount of resources. We have an interest in survival, so our efforts will have to keep up with any forces that threaten us.

RESOURCES AND RESOURCE USE All the material in the environment (totalled) is called Total Stock. If we were to log every bit of metal, every tree, every rock, every ml of oil, gas, or milk, every gram of air, etc. That would be total stock. Anything useful to use is called a resource. This includes technology, labour, or even the environment itself. This changes. Coal is still being used a lot of places for example, but it is less popular than it has been. Uranium has only been a resource for 60 years. Same with certain trees.

Resources Non- Renewable (Finite) Destroyed by use Recyclable Renewable (Infinite) Direct Solar Energy Indirect Solar Energy Geothermal Others (Scenery)

RESOURCES For things to become useful to humans, (when they become resources), three things must happen:

TECHNOLOGY -Technology must exist to develop the item for human use. -Resources could be there, but are unobtainable.

MONEY The ROI must be greater than the cost of development. When oil cost $20 a barrel, there was no oil extraction in the oil sands.

CULTURE It has to be culturally acceptable to develop the resource.

RENEWABLE AND NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES Renewable resources are continually replenished through natural processes. Non-renewable resources can be recycled, but they have a finite life span.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT In 1980, the World Conservation Strategy was published by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the UN Environment Program, and the WWF. It had three objectives: -Maintenance of essential ecological processes; -Sustainable use of natural resources, and; -Preservation of genetic diversity.

ESSENTIAL ECOLOGICAL CYCLES Water Cycle Nutrient Cycle Energy Flow SUccession

WATER CYCLE

NUTRIENT CYCLE

ENERGY FLOW

SUCCESSION

SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES

PEAK OIL We will be returning to the issue of oil as an energy source later, here is a brief introduction. Oil Apocalypse

HOMEWORK -Ch.2 questions #1-4 K/U #9-10 T #16,18 A