Do Now 21 Complete the life functions diagram. Look through notes and tell what organ system and what cell organelle carry out those life functions.

Asexual Reproduction & Mitosis Cell Cycle Mitosis Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction  Life process by which living things produce other living things of the same species All living things need to reproduce  Without reproduction the species will die!  Reproduction is NOT necessary for the individual organism to survive  What is one thing that can not reproduce on its own and therefore is considered non-living?

The Cell Theory 1.All cells carry out life functions 2.New cells arise from other living cells – not from nonliving matter 3.All life is made of one or more cells 4.Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things FLASHBACK

Reproduction There are two types of reproduction: 1.Asexual Reproduction 2.Sexual Reproduction A single parent makes an EXACT copy of itself Offspring have EXACT same DNA as parent NO VARIATION (variety) Two parents Each parent has specialized sex cells and organs Offspring are DIFFERENT than parents Creates VARIATION

 New organisms develop from a cell or cells of a single parent and have characteristics IDENTICAL to that of the parent Types of Asexual Reproduction 1.Binary Fission 2.Budding 3.Sporulation 4.Regeneration 5.Vegetative Propagation Types of Asexual Reproduction

Do Now 22 (loose-leaf) 1.What is an organism? 2.What is the smallest unit of life (smallest living thing)? 3.What cell organelle does reproduction involve? Why? 4.Why do cells divide /reproduce? Any living thing (carry out life functions) A cell Nucleus - Contains the cell’s DNA (Genetic Material) Reason why we grow bigger Cells don’t live forever (need to make more)

Binary Fission 1: Type  Parent cell divides and forms TWO daughter cells  Each new cell (daughter cell) has: SAME SIZE Same shape Same DNA Examples :  Unicellular organisms  Paramecium  Ameba  Bacteria

Budding 2: Type  New organism grows out of the parent  Offspring: Are smaller than the parent Same DNA as parent Examples :  Yeast  Hydras

Sporulation 3: Type  Parent forms specialized cells with same DNA called spores  Parent releases spores  Under the right conditions (usually warm and moist) spores will divide rapidly and create new organism Examples :  Fungi  Mosses  Ferns

Regeneration 4: Type  Production of one or more new organisms from cut-off parts of a single parent  New organisms: Same DNA as parent Examples :  Starfish  Sponges  Worms

Vegetative Propagation 5: Type  New plants develop from roots, stems or leaves of the parent plant (not flower)  New organisms: Same DNA as parent Examples :  Cuttings  Bulbs  Runners  Grafting

Vegetative Propagation 5: Type Grafting - The stem of one plant is attached to the cut of another Runner – Stems that grow along the ground and a new root forms into the ground making a new plant Bulb – enlarged underground stem surrounded by leaves and containing stored food to develop a new plant

Do Now (Question sheet) On Sheet, complete questions :  #1, 2, 3, 4, 8

In Asexual Reproduction, how can the DNA of the offspring be an EXACT copy of the parent cell’s DNA?  DNA of the parent is copied and split between the 2 new daughter cells  This is called Mitosis Mitosis  Type of Asexual Reproduction  Type of cell division  Produces TWO identical daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent  Large organisms use mitosis for growth and repair  Unicellular organisms use mitosis to reproduce

Same amount of DNA? Same DNA? Complete the cell division diagrams below. Remember the relationship between the 2 daughter cells and the parent

Some Mitosis Vocabulary Offspring When organisms reproduce, their new born are called offspring Daughter Cells When one cell divides it creates TWO cells called Daughter Cells Chromosome Tightly packed strands of DNA Centromere Chromatid Hold chromatids together One half of a duplicated (copied) chromosome

Mitosis Stages of Mitosis 1)Interphase 2)Prophase 3)Metaphase 4) Anaphase 5) Telophase How to remember the steps: I - P M A T

I nterphase  The longest phase of the cell’s life Cell Life Why can’t we reproduce when we are born? Our bodies need to grow and develop in order to prepare for reproduction Cells are they same way! They have a life too!  Spends life carrying out life functions and preparing to divide  Cell division (mitosis) = small part of a cells life

Do Now (Question sheet) On Sheet, complete questions :  #5, 7, 11, 14, 15, 17

Mitosis

Interphase – The story Interphase is the growth period of the cell cycle. It appears that nothing is happening, but the cell is actually busy growing, repairing itself and maintaining homeostasis. The three phases of interphase include periods of rapid growth, duplication of DNA and synthesis of cell organelles. During interphase, the nucleus and nucleolus can be clearly seen, but the chromosomes cannot.

I nterphase Notes  The longest phase of the cell’s life  DNA, the genetic information, is a jumbled mess called CHROMATIN  To prepare for Mitosis, DNA Replication occurs  Cell organelles copied for new cell VOCABULARY Nuclear membrane Cell Membrane Cell Wall CENTRIOLES Chromatin

Prophase – The story Prophase is the first phase of mitosis. This is when the nucleolus and the nuclear membrane disappear, chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes and a spindle forms between the pairs of centrioles. Centrioles also travel to the opposite ends of the cell. Chromosomes have already been duplicated during interphase.

Prophase Notes  DNA, chromatin, condenses into chromosomes (becomes visible)  Nuclear membrane breaks down  Spindle fibers (threads) begin to appear Animal Cell  Centrioles separate and spindle fibers begin to form VOCABULARY Nuclear membrane Cell Membrane Cell Wall CENTRIOLES Spindle Fibers Centromere

Metaphase – The story Metaphase is when the sister chromatids line up around the center of the cell. Each sister chromatid is attached to a separate spindle fiber by its centromere.

Metaphase  Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell  Spindle fibers attach to all centromeres Cell is READY to split!

Anaphase – The story Anaphase is when each centromere divides and the sister chromatids separate. The chromatids then begin to move away from each other toward opposite poles of the cell. Each chromatid becomes a separate chromosome.

Anaphase  Centromere disappears and the two chromatids separate  Chromosomes start to move to opposite ends of the cell VOCABULARY Single chromosome

Do Now (Question sheet) On Sheet, complete questions :  #9, 13, 16, 18

Telophase – The story Telophase is the final phase of mitosis and where the centrioles and spindle fibers begin to disappear. The chromosomes stretch out and become harder to see. A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the nucleolus appears in each nucleus. At the end of mitosis, the plasma membrane begins to pinch in the middle and cytokinesis occurs. Two new identical cells are created!

Telophase  Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell  Chromosomes begin to uncoil and become chromatin again (threads instead of rods)  New nuclear membrane forms  Spindle apparatus disappears VOCABULARY Single chromosome

What happens next? Cell needs to split! Cytokinesis  Is when the cell membrane pinches in and the cell cytoplasm splits  Two new IDENTICAL cells are formed  ONLY in animal cells Cytokinesis Drawing What happens if the cell doesn’t split?

During telophase, membrane- enclosed vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus migrate to the center of the cell where the metaphase plate used to be and fuse to form a cell plate. Eventually, the growing cell plate fuses with the existing plasma membrane, producing two daughter cells, each with its own plasma membrane. A new cell wall forms between the two membranes of the cell plate. How does 1 plant cell make 2 then?

Sometimes cells can replicate their DNA and divide without any control. This is known as Cancer – cancer A disease characterized by uncontrollable cell division and growth What causes these changes in a cell? Mutation – a change in a gene (piece of DNA)

Do Now (Question sheet) On Sheet, complete questions :  #6, 10

Same amount of DNA? Same DNA? Complete the cell division diagrams below. Remember the relationship between the 2 daughter cells and the parent

DO NOW Take a Cancer article, read and complete the questions. Don’t worry about the tough words. Questions are in order and that is the information I want you to get from the reading.

Review

Mitosis video clip