University Ridge at E ast Stroudsburg University Matthew Carr Spring 2007 Mechanical Option Faculty Advisor: Dr. Freihaut

University Ridge at East Stroudsburg University Outline Project Team Building Information Existing Mechanical Conditions Redesign Goals Mechanical Redesign Redesign Analysis Photovoltaic Breadth Recommendations & Conclusions Acknowledgements Questions Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

Building Name: University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Building Owner: University Properties Inc. Building Developer: Capstone Development Corp. Architect: Design Collective Inc. Engineers: Greenman-Pedersen Inc. Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Project Team

Location: East Stroudsburg, PA on the East Stroudsburg University Campus Building Statistics: Student Residence – Apartments 541 Beds – 136 Units 3 stories plus an occupied walk in basement 140,000 square feet – 10 Buildings Development Cost: $27,200,000 Construction Cost: $15,750,000 Construction: August 2004 – August 2005 Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Building Information

Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Building Information Building Site Plan:

Heating System: Hot water coil duct furnaces – Dedicated unit for each housing unit Hot water supplied by a dedicated residential hot water heater Electric unit heaters for unoccupied spaces. Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Existing Mechanical Conditions Cooling System: Chilled water coil duct furnaces – Dedicated unit for each housing unit Chilled water supplied by a dedicated DX condensing unit General: Individual exhaust fans for bathrooms Naturally ventilated living spaces to decrease load

Combined Heat & Power Goals: Reduce emissions while increasing overall fuel usage for producing power Provide space heating using waste heat from power production Provide chilled water with absorption cooling which utilizes the waste heat from power production Reduce fossil fuel usage Determine feasibility of a payback period Decrease annual operating cost Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Redesign Goals

What is Combined Heat and Power? Electricity is generated on site by a prime mover Waste heat is used for the heating and cooling processes CHP typically runs at a lower operating cost but has a higher first cost Load leveling increases operating efficiency Main Components of Combined Heat and Power? Prime Movers (gas turbines, reciprocating engines, etc.) Absorption Chillers Chilled Water Storage Tanks Cooling Towers Pumps and Distribution Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Mechanical Redesign

Spark Gap Feasibility Analysis? Determination of difference between natural gas and electricity cost: Natural Gas: $1.33/therm Electricity: $0.0919/kWh $ $13.30 = $13.64 A spark gap of $12.00 or greater is usually considered a viable solution. Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Mechanical Redesign

Determination of Prime Mover Building electric demand load of 366 kW Building heating load of 775 MBH Building cooling load of 177 tons Prime Movers Considered Reciprocating Engines Fuel Cells Natural Gas Turbines Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Mechanical Redesign

Natural Gas Micro-turbine & Absorption Chiller Selection Integrated micro-turbine and chiller/heater power system Comes as packaged unit integrated with controls Unit made up of 60 kW micro-turbines Heat exchanger contained within the absorption chiller Good under part load condition as micro-turbines can be selectively turned off or on as needed Fewer moving parts than internal combustion engines Typically reduced emissions over internal combustion engines Integrated inverter optimizes efficiency Integrated system allows for reduced installation cost. Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Mechanical Redesign

Integrated Micro-turbine Chiller/Heater System Specs: 4 – 60 kWe Micro-turbines Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Mechanical Redesign Net Power Output (kWe) Fuel Consumptio n LHV (MBH) Cooling Output (Tons) Heating Output (MBH) Flow Rate (gpm) Net System Efficiency ISO Day (59F)2273, , % Design CoolingDay (95F) 1932, % Heating Day (32F)2312,800-1, %

Heat Recovery: Waste heat from turbines recovered in the absorption chiller High temperature generator and evaporator sections used as heat exchanger Production of 140°F water used for hot water heating in the fan coil units. Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Mechanical Redesign

Double-effect Absorption Chiller: Waste heat used to regenerate LiBr solution which acts as the condenser which is usually electrically powered Cooling tower needed for heat removal from the condenser Use of LiBr and water eliminates for ozone depleting refrigerants Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Mechanical Redesign

Existing Installation Example: Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Mechanical Redesign

Chilled Water Storage: Chilled water storage used to level and shift the cooling load to increase efficiency Allows for chiller size reduction Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Mechanical Redesign

Energy Analysis: Energy analysis was done using RETscreen CHP energy analysis program Analysis run using UTC Pure Comfort system, the determined cost data and calculated loads The following table shows the operating capacity of the system Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Redesign Analysis Electricity delivered to load Electricity exported to grid Remaining electricity required Heat recovered Remaining heat required Power system fuel Operating profit (loss)Efficiency Operating strategyMWh million Btu $% Full power capacity output2, , ,423175, % Power load following2, , ,413174, % Heating load following1,03011,5815,9551,35013,44259, %

Monthly System Characteristics: Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Redesign Analysis

Existing Cost: Existing mechanical system cost determined to be $2.1 million dollars as built Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Redesign Analysis Estimated First Cost: EquipmentSizeInstalled CostQuantityTotal Prime Mover240 kW$2,500240$600,000 Cooling Tower205 (tons)$95.50 (per ton)2$39,155 Absorption Chiller142 (tons)$1197 (per ton)1$170,000 Storage Tank-$17,000- Expansion tank (gal)$3,3252$6,650 4" Service pad2835 s.f.$180 (per c.y.)35 (c.y.)$6,300 Chilled Water Pumps1 1/2" 100gpm$3,8758$31,000 Cooling Water Pumps3" 385 gpm$6,1752$12,350 Piping---$264,332 $1,146,787

System Payback: System payback was also calculated using RETscreen CHP energy analysis program Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Redesign Analysis

System Payback: Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Redesign Analysis Cumulative cash flows graph Year

Emissions Analysis: The following tables were generated using manufacturers data and the national grid average for emissions Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Redesign Analysis lbm Pollutant j /kWh U.S. Fuel% Mix U.S.ParticulatesSO 2 /kWhNO x /kWhCO 2 /kWh Coal E E E E+00 Oil E E E E-02 Nat. Gas E E E E-01 Nuclear E+00 Hydro/Wind E+00 Totals E E E E+00 lbm Pollutant /kWh Prime Mover FuelParticulates SO2/ kWhNOx/kWhCO/kWh Nat. Gas.2.37E-04n/a2.15E E-05

Emissions Analysis: RETscreen CHP energy analysis program was also determined the GHG emissions produced by the proposed system and compared to the base case Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Redesign Analysis Years of occurrenc e Base case GHG emission Proposed case GHG emission Gross annual GHG emission reduction GHG credits transactio n fee Net annual GHG emission reduction Combined cooling, heating & power project yrtCO2 % 1 to 2 2,2822, % 236 Net annual GHG emission reduction236tCO2 is equivalent to48.0Cars & light trucks not used

Photovoltaic Basis: Photovoltaic shingles built into sloped roof Able to offset peak power loads during the day reducing the grid dependency of the CHP system Drawbacks: expensive, inefficient, minimal architectural effect Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Photovoltaic Breadth

PV Capacity and Cost Analysis: The analysis of the PV cells was done using RETscreen PV Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Photovoltaic Breadth PV Cost: $557,476 Energy Delivered: 49 MWh/yr Simple Payback: 12.4 yrs.

Conclusion: Increased total energy and fuel efficiency Lowered operating cost Higher initial cost Lower emissions and greenhouse gases Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Recommendations & Conclusions Recommendations: Given the previously determined data and facts, it is recommended that this CHP tri-generation system be implemented as it has a payback timeframe for that of a university and would save money and energy use in the long run

Thanks to the Following: Architectural Engineering Faculty and Staff Faculty Advisor: Dr. Freihaut The AE Class of 2007 My Friends The GPI Mechanical Department My Family Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Acknowledgements

Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007 Questions