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 Policy Cycle  Government actors - incentives  Interest Groups  Interests  Resources  Strategies 2

3 Agenda-Setting Policy Formulation Decisionmaking Policy Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation

4  Social Agenda (general, systemic): issues that the public thinks deserve attention from government  measures: polls, media  Formal Agenda (government): issues explicitly up for active and serious consideration by policy makers  measures: announced proposals, throne speech

5  Kingdon’s “streams” model: a confluence of  Problem stream  Politics stream  Policy (solution) stream  Opens a “policy window”  Opportunity for “policy entrepreneurs”

6  Changes in “Problem”  indicators  knowledge, technology  focusing event  Changes in “Politics”  changing public mood  elections  interest group strategies

7 Agenda-Setting Policy Formulation Decisionmaking Policy Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation

THINKING  Policy analysis of alternatives TALKING  Consultation with stakeholders 8

 Clear, consistent objectives  Sound causal theory  Adequate administrative authority  Committed, skillful implementers  Support from stakeholders  Facilitative socio-economic conditions 9

 Strategic actors  Government ▪ Elected officials ▪ Bureaucrats  Non-government interest groups 10

 resource: authority  Objectives: reelection, policy objectives, power  reelection comes first -- fundamental constraint  effect: public opinion matters 11

 impact of public opinion is substantial  salience enhances the impact of public opinion  impact of opinion remains strong even when the activities of political organizations and elites are taken into account  responsiveness appears not to have changed significantly over time 12

 resources  authority  expertise  objectives  policy objectives  power (budgets, jurisdiction)  autonomy 13 Government Actors –Interests, Resources: Bureaucrats

 Some not formally organized as groups  Stakeholder attributes  Power  Legitimacy  Urgency  Position value (favor, oppose, neutral)  Vested interest impact level  Level of impact  Probability of impact 14 Power/Interest Grid

 energy firms  trade associations  environmental NGOs  aboriginal groups  consumer groups (?)  List of actors List of actors

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Strong environmental values On a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being extremely supportive of energy development and 5 being extremely supportive of environmental conservation, how would you rate your simulation group's values? 4- Moderate environmental values 2 - moderate pro development values 3 - neutral 1 - Strong pro development values

 money  expertise (substance, process)  skilled leadership (effective, charismatic)  appealing cause  public opinion  contacts  control over investment, jobs 18

 control over investment, jobs  government seeks reelection  reelection depends on jobs, healthy economy  jobs, growth created by investment  investment a function of business climate  government constrained from undermining business climate 19

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 lobby  influence public opinion  through media  influence market behaviour  finance elections  litigation  form coalitions  direct action (demonstrations, civil disobedience) 21

 change the rules of the game within an arena  Expanding participation  shift the venue to another arena  Legislature to cabinet  Provincial to federal  Domestic to international  Government to market  idea-based strategies to reframe problem  in framing arguments, actors appeal to widely shared values and expert authority ▪ “green jobs”green jobs 22

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 Policy cycle  Actors  Interests  Resources  Strategies  Next up: policy analysis  Case study on NGP  divide work over impacts 25