Exploring the Americas 1400 - 1625

8.H.2 North America, originally inhabited by American Indians, was explored and colonized by Europeans for economic and religious reasons. Terms Circumnavigate – to sail around the world Astrolabe – an instrument used by sailors to observe positions of stars Strait – a narrow passageway connection two larger bodies of water Conquistadors – Spanish explorer in the Americas in the 1500s Mission – a religious settlement Encomienda – System of rewarding conquistadors with tracts of land and the right to tax and demand labor from Native Americans who lived on the land. Columbian Exchange – exchange of goods, ideas, and people between Europe and the Americas Mercantilism – the theory that a state’s or nation’s power depended on its wealth Northwest Passage – water route to Asia through North America sought by European explorers Technology – the application of scientific discoveries to practical use

1519 – 1522 Ferdinand Magellan first to sail around the world 1610 – 1611 Henry Hudson explored the Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano explored the east coast of North America including New York Harbor 1492 – 1504 Christopher Columbus explored Caribbean Islands 1673 Jacques Marquette/ Louis Joliet explored the Mississippi River 1603 – 1615 Samuel de Champlain explored the St. Lawrence River and Founded Quebec Canada 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India 1540 – 1542 Francisco Coronado explored southwestern North America 1400 1500 1600 1497 – 1501 John Cabot rediscovered Newfoundland (east coast of America 1539 – 1543 Hernando de Soto led expedition to the Mississippi River 1609 Henry Hudson explored the Hudson River 1542 – 1543 Juan Cabrillo explored the west coast of North America 1666 – 1682 Robert de La Salle explored the Great Lakes and founded Louisiana after reaching the mouth of the Mississippi River 1508 – 1509, 1513 Ponce de Leon explored Puerto Rico and Florida 1534 – 1542 Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River Spain Portugal France England Netherlands

MARCO POLO

Why did Europeans begin to explore the world? The Growth of Trade Merchants could make a fortune selling goods from the Orient. The Growth of Ideas The pursuit of new ideas, theories, skills, and religion The Renaissance “re-birth” age of exploration and discovery

Why was it possible for Europeans to explore the world? Powerful Nations Emerge Spain, Portugal, England, and France Improved Technology Better Maps Astrolabe Better Ships African Kingdoms Ghana Mali Songhai

European Voyages of Exploration Cause and Effect Causes Europeans desired new trade routes and gold New Spirit of adventure Power and wealth of new European nations Competition among European nations Missionaries’ desire to convert others to Christianity Effects Effects New knowledge of Africa, Asia, and the Americas Clash of European and Native American cultures Enslavement of Africans New plants and animals in Europe and the Americas Rivalry of European nations in the Americas

Who found the Americas? Eriksson vs Columbus

Vikings Several centuries before Columbus, northern Europeans called Vikings had sailed west and reached North America landing in present day Newfoundland.

Columbus’s First Voyage August 3, 1492, Columbus set out from Palos, Spain with three ships. Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria carried about 90 sailors. (Ships) October 12, 1492, “Tierra! Tierra!” – “Land! Land!” Columbus landed on in the Bahamas and claimed the islands for Spain. He named it San Salvador. He called the natives there Indians believing he had reached the East Indies. March 1493, Columbus returned to Spain victorious.

Columbus’s Later Voyages Columbus made three more voyages from Spain in 1493, 1498, and 1502. He explored the Caribbean Islands of present day Haiti and Dominican Republic, Cuba, Jamaica. Columbus sailed along the coasts of Central America and South America claiming the new lands for Spain and establishing settlements. In the following years, the Spanish explored most of the Caribbean region leading to the establishment of the Spanish Empire in the Americas.

Spanish Conquistadors Conquistadors – explorers that received grants from the Spanish rulers. They had the right to explore and establish settlements in the Americas. In exchange they agreed to give the Spanish crown 1/5th of any gold or treasure discovered. Conquistadors were relentless in their pursuit for wealth and power. They brutally eliminated the Aztec and Incan tribes.

Spanish Rule The Spanish governed their colonies the way they governed their own country – from the top down. They divided their new lands into 5 provinces. The wealthiest were New Spain (Mexico) and Peru. A Viceroy was appointed to govern the provinces. In the 1500’s the Spanish government granted each conquistador who settled in the Americas an encomienda, the right to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans living on the land. To raise crops, Spanish developed the plantation system. A plantation was a large estate run by the owner or a manager and farmed by workers or slaves.

The Columbian Exchange The exchange of plants, animals, slaves and diseases altered life on both sides of the Atlantic. This is referred to the Columbian Exchange. In 1492, when Columbus landed on Hispaniola, more than 3 million Native Americans lived there. Fifty years later only about 500 remained.

Mercantilism Mercantilism is an economic theory stating, a nation’s power was based on its wealth. Other European countries watched Spain draw riches from its colonies. There was now a new goal to increase wealth by establishing colonies in the New World. Competition over territories became fierce. New colonies would provided the mother country with valuable resources, such as gold and silver, or raw materials. The colonies also served as a place to sell European products.

Northwest Passage The voyage to Asia – either around the southern tip of Africa or South America was long and difficult. England, France, and the Netherlands pushed to discover a Northwest Passage to Asia.