Effects of the cold war —wider military/economic presence; paranoia over “Reds”; reliance on military-industrial-university complex

The Rise of the Cold War Americans fear Soviet intentions —why? What were Soviet ambitions ?—peaceful or aggressive along its power fringes? suspicions justified? Roots of the cold war —Communism used violence, purges, terror; renounced religion and property; made shady deals (non-aggression pact w/ Hitler) Munich analogy —no more appeasing dictators George Kennan’s long telegram — “containment”: diplomatic, economic, military George Kennan, charge d’ affaires in Moscow embassy, who wrote the telegram that changed attitudes about the Soviet Union.

The Iranian crisis — gateway to oil, so get Soviets out Aid to Greece and Turkey —help against totalitarian takeover: Truman Doctrine (help free people from totalitarianism) Communism in Hungary and Czechoslovakia — Soviet manipulation begins “Eastern Bloc” Berlin Airlift —Soviet blockade over flown George C. Marshall, chairman of joint chiefs of staff during WWII and secretary of state for Truman, who formulated the Marshall Plan. Berlin school children celebrate the arrival of food supplies during the Berlin Airlift. East German guard defects over barrier to escape communism.

NATO formed —first entangling alliance in American History—why? Israel recognized —WWII creates worldwide (except for Arabs) sympathy for homeland The Atomic Energy Commission —civilian or military control of nuclear science Baruch plan —U.N. influence over atomic energy must be U.S. dominated: take it or leave it—Soviets leave it in pursuit of their own bomb Bernard Baruch Symbol of NATO.

Postwar Prosperity Sources of prosperity —unbridled consumers after years of depression and war; government spending: health, education, defense Minority workers —“last hired, first fired” to make room for returning soldiers American G.I. Forum —Hispanic soldier in segregated cemetery?—Congressman Lyndon Baines Johnson intervenes Black veterans and civil rights —new energy in fight against segregation To secure these rights —Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights report; Southern Senators stand against segregation reform; Truman integrates armed forces Organized labor —peacetime conversion brings fewer hours, lower wages, strikes

Taft-Hartley Act —90-day cool-offs, states can adopt right-to-work laws with no closed shops The GI Bill —tuition, fees, living expenses or a mortgage transform nation Henry Wallace —not enough New Deal Dixiecrats —southern segregationalists Truman fights back —that “do-nothing 80 th Congress”; “Give ‘em hell, Harry” Young WWII veterans registering for college classes paid for by the GI Bill. FDR and Truman with Henry Wallace behind and Strom Thurmond (inset). Truman with the paper that announced his defeat.

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The Cold War at Home Conservative anticommunism — New Deal was “creeping socialism”: next thing is communism The H-bomb —since Soviets have A- bomb, we need H-bomb China falls to Communists —whose fault? The Hiss case Chiang Kai-shek (above) and Mao Zedong. Whitaker Chambers testifying in the Hiss case; Nixon was Hiss’s arch-enemy; Hiss.

Loyalty Review Board —no “Reds, phonies and parlor pinks” witch hunt Blacklisting —“suspects” automatically unemployable McCarran Act —communist registration, no totalitarian affiliation for citizenship, indefinite alien detention The Hollywood Ten. Senator “Jolting Joe” or “Tail Gunner Joe” McCarthy and his hatchet man, assistant Roy Cohn, grilling a witness on a probably groundless accusation in a Senate committee hearing.

From Cold War to Hot War and Back NSC-68 –“strive for victory” rather than containment —Korea jump-starts plan The North Korean invasion —“police action”

Europe, not Asia first -- Truman vs. McArthur world views Moderates like “Ike” — Taft too conservative; Nixon Veep for conservative Republicans Nixon’s Checkers Speech – “slush fund”? — “We’re keeping Tricia’s dog” and the coat Truman meets with MacArthur on Wake Island during the Korean War. Truman eventually fired his insubordinate general. War hero Dwight Eisenhower runs for President; his running mate Richard Nixon makes his “Checkers Speech” on TV.

Eisenhower and Korea —threatened retaliation spurred peace settlement (1953—54,000) The case of J. Robert Oppenheimer —barred from research for opposing H-bomb and slightly pink past McCarthy versus the army —Army Secretary: “Have you no shame?”; TV audience sees him for who he is J. Robert Oppenheimer. Eisenhower visiting and eating with the troops in Korea.