Enlightenment SOL 6d

Age of Enlightenment Period of logical thinking and reasoning Few rulers embraced the philosophies of the enlightenment-those that did were called enlightened despots

Important Enlightenment Vocabulary Philosophe: French philosopher Salon: gathering room where the philosophes discussed

Baroque: artistic style that emerged during the enlightenment

Philosophers—Thomas Hobbes Belief: absolute monarchy can work if a contract is in place Leviathan: the state must have central authority to manage behavior

Thomas Hobbes Ruler protects people while the people surrender all rights to the ruler

John Locke Two Treatises on Government: Ppl are sovereign; monarchs aren’t chosen by God Belief: Social contract with natural rights Ruler protects natural rights People can change gov’t in cases of abuse

John Locke Natural Rights: God given rights that can’t be taken away (life, liberty, right to own property)

John Locke Social Contract: Agreement between ruler and people U.S. Application: Declaration of Independence and Constitution

Thomas Paine Belief: Popular Sovereignty- people rule themselves Common Sense

Thomas Paine U.S. Application: Constitution-(We the people, for the people, by the people) and Declaration of Independence- gov’t institution by men (people)

Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws Belief: separation of power to prevent abuse U.S. application: 3 branches of gov’t (executive, legislative, judicial)=checks and balances

Voltaire Religious toleration Belief: people should have individual rights and freedoms (ex. Speech)

Voltaire U.S. Application: Bill of Rights (1 st 10 amendments to the Constitution)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Belief: Government should have a social contract

Rousseau Ruler enforces the laws to keep order People have to surrender some rights for the good of the community U.S. Application: We have a contract-some of our rights are limited

Rousseau cont… Belief: Popular Sovereignty U.S. Application: We rule ourselves- Representative Democracy

Artists: Composers Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Artists: Eugene Delacroix New forms of art: Painter Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, & portraits

Novelist: Miguel de Cervantes New forms of literature: Don Quixote The novel

The Age of Reason witnessed inventions and innovations in technology that stimulated trade and transportation.

Technologies: All weather roads improved year-round transport & trade! New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution) Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport

American Revolution Who was King of England at the beginning of the Revolution? King George III

American Revolution Why did the colonists want independence from Britain? Taxes—Stamp Act, Tea Act, Intolerable Acts (As a result of debt from French and Indian War)

American Revolution cont… What was the major complaint of the colonists? No taxation without representation

American Revolution con’d Identify 2 violent clashes between the colonists and British soldiers prior to the Revolution Boston Massacre—1770; Boston Tea Party 1773

American Revolution cont… When and where did the Revolution begin? Why is this significant? April Lexington, Massachusetts “Shot heard round the world”

American Revolution cont… Who led the Continental Army? George Washington

Identify 4 major battles & their significance Bunker Hill: Trenton: Moral Victory Low Point for Continental Army & Broke traditional rules b/c they fought on Christmas

Saratoga: Yorktown: Turning point b/c France entered on Continental side Cornwallis surrenders the British Army!

American Revolution cont… What was the first attempt at a gov’t for the U.S.? Why did it fail? Articles of Confederation—weak no national powers

Laissez Faire--non-interference by the gov’t Shay’s Rebellion (difficult to suppress, needed a stronger national gov’t)

Summarize the type of gov’t created by the Constitution Popular Sovereignty Federal System— between national and state People decided! Balanced power btwn the 2

Separation of Powers Social Contract 3 separate branches

Why were the Bill of Rights adopted? To protect American Liberties/Personal Freedoms