Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data dissemination and further analysis workshop Further Analysis: Youth and Adolescents MICS4 Data dissemination and Further Analysis

Outline Terminology Why study youth and adolescents? What MICS already has to offer Ideas for further analysis (using Bhutan MICS4 data for examples) Further thoughts about producing thematic analysis reports

Why study youth and adolescents? Gains in young child survival but later loss in youth and adolescent years Key focus of programmatic intervention in many countries –A keener focus on the development and human rights of adolescents to enhance and accelerate the fight against poverty, inequality and gender discrimination – State of the Worlds Children 2011

Terminology: who are they? Children (UNICEF): 0-18 years Adolescents (UN): years (early 10-15, late 15-19) Youth (UN GA): years Young people (UN GA): years Children and young people (UNICEF): Below 18 years of age Adolescents (UNICEF): years

How did we arrive at data on youth and adolescents? Direct interviewing Individual Women Questionnaire administered to women age 15 – 49, a subset of which is When applicable Individual Male Questionnaire administered to men age 15 – 49, a subset of which is Retrospective data from women’s questionnaire – find out about past events that occurred at younger ages e.g. marriage before age 15 (advantage for data collection)

Thematic analysis on Youth and Adolescents Understanding who youth and adolescents are: Where they live How they live: affected by poverty? With whom they live: alone, nuclear families, extended families

Thematic analysis on Youth and Adolescents Studying the outcomes for youth and adolescents in health, protection, education, and other issues: Key: Are they different to adults?

Conceptualizing the data Data analysis should work within a theoretical framework i.e. –Well being – measures of positive development phases/occurrences etc. –Ecological model – measures how youth are affected by other factors Overview of MICS tables will influence country specific research questions and subsequent further analysis

What MICS can offer 1.MICS indicators and tables already available covering adolescents and youth (age groups 10-24) 2.In MICS Reports: Information already available in existing MICS standard tables for age groups Additional information that can be extracted from MICS datasets not covered in the main MICS reports

Youth-Specific Modules MICS4 has new Youth- Specific Modules Access to Media and use of information/ communication technology Use of alcohol and tobacco Life satisfaction

Young people’s living arrangements Children’s living arrangements Percentage of children age 0-17 years not living with a biological parent Prevalence of orphans Percentage of children age 0-17 years with at least one dead parent School attendance of orphans Percentage of children age years, who are double orphans (who have lost both parents) and attending school School attendance of non-orphans Percentage of children age years, whose parents are alive, who are living with at least one parent, and who are attending school

Further Analysis: Living arrangements against other outcomes

Additional information that can be extracted from MICS datasets to understand the situation in which young people live Household–based indicators tabulated for adolescents/youth: Percentage of household members age without access to improved drinking water (clarify what is etc.) Percentage of household members age without access to improved sanitation facilities Percentage of household members age who slept under an insecticide-treated net the previous night

Education: Already in MICS Literacy rate for women age years Transition rate to secondary school Gender parity index (secondary school)

Education: Already in MICS Net secondary school attendance ratio - Percentage of children of secondary school age currently attending secondary school or higher - Percentage of children of secondary school age currently attending primary school - Number of children (of any age) attending the last grade of primary school (excluding repeaters) Primary completion rate - Number of children (of any age) attending the last grade of primary school (excluding repeaters)

Education: Further analysis ideas No Formal Education Percentage of individuals age who have never attended formal education by sex, Bhutan, 2010 Sex MaleFemaleTotal Never been to school Number of individuals age Never been to school Number of individuals age Never been to school Number of individuals age AreaUrban Rural Age Wealth index quintiles Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest Total

Education: Further analysis ideas Tertiary Level Education Attendance Attendance ratios of young men and women in tertiary education, Bhutan, 2010 Tertiary education net attendance ratio (NAR), boys Total number of men Tertiary education net attendance ratio (NAR), girls Total number of women Tertiary education net attendance ratio (NAR), all Total number of youth age Gender parity index (GPI) for tertiary school adjusted NAR AreaUrban Rural Wealth index quintiles Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest Total

Early marriage: Already in MICS Young women age years currently married or in union Trends in early marriage Spousal age difference Percentage of women currently married or in union whose spouse is 10 or more years older, (a) for women age years, (b) for women age years

Early marriage: Further Analysis

Early Childbearing: Already in MICS Adolescent birth rate –Age-specific fertility rate for women age years Early childbearing Percentage of women age years who had at least one live birth before age 18 Maternal and Newborn Health Indicators for young mothers Interesting and useful to compare reproductive health outcomes of younger mothers compared to older mothers

Reproductive and newborn health indicators by age of woman at birth, Bhutan, 2010

Early child bearing: further analysis ideas Early childbearing and mother’s education: participation, attainment and literacy

Early child bearing: further analysis ideas Child-based indicators tabulated for young mother/caretaker (age 15-24): Percentage of under-five children of young mothers whose birth was not registered Percentage of under-five children of young mothers who are immunized Percentage of under-five children of young mothers by nutritional status Percentage of under-five children of young mothers who are left in inadequate care Percentage of under-five children of young mothers by early child development Opportunity to analyze retrospective data –by age of mother at birth; 0-4 years earlier

Sexual behavior and HIV: Already in MICS Reports Young women who never had sex Percentage of never married women age years who have never had sex Age at first sex among young women Percentage of women age years who have had sexual intercourse before age 15 Age-mixing among sexual partners Percentage of women age years who had sex in the 12 months preceding the survey with a partner who was 10 or more years older than they were Higher risk sex with non-regular partners Percentage of sexually active women age years who have had sex with a non-marital, non-cohabitating partner in the 12 months preceding the survey

Sexual behavior and HIV: Already in MICS Reports Condom use with non-regular partners Percentage of women age years reporting the use of a condom during sexual intercourse with their last non-marital, non-cohabiting sex partner in the 12 months preceding the survey Comprehensive knowledge about HIV prevention among young people Percentage of women age years who correctly identify two ways of preventing HIV infection, know that a healthy looking person can have HIV, and reject the two most common misconceptions about HIV transmission Young women who have been tested for HIV Percentage of women age years who have been tested for HIV in the 12 months preceding the survey and who know their results

Sexual behavior and HIV: Further Analysis Ideas Associations between sexual behavior in the past 12 month and use of contraception, knowledge of HIV, HIV testing etc. Use of contraception Percentage of women age who have had sex in last 12 months who are using (or whose partner is using) a contraceptive method, Bhutan, 2010 Percent of women age who are using: Number of women No method Any modern method Any method AreaUrban Rural Age Number of living children Marital statusCurrently married/in union Formerly married/in union or never married EducationNone Primary Secondary Wealth index quintilesPoorest Second Middle Fourth Richest Total

Attitudes towards domestic violence: MICS4 data showed unexpected patterns in Bhutan

Attitudes to domestic violence: further analysis

Further analysis within and across surveys With much development processes in action, is there progress in these groups? STUDY TRENDS – look at cohorts (marriage, child bearing) in the data or some other data Do it well by studying: –Indicators that are comparable: same calculation of indicators, survey methods, sampling, must study confidence intervals etc.

Further analysis Special sub-populations among youth, either looking at they themselves or looking at how the affect specific outcomes Eg. 1: Are Urban youth more at risk for poor health outcomes? Eg. 2: Are children in youth-headed households more deprived of basic needs? Keep in mind the limitations of the data related to sample design and sample size

Conclusion MICS offers many indicators on adolescents and youth which are already available and/or can be extracted from tables in the MICS reports The datasets provide considerable opportunity for further analysis but always keep in mind limitations of data. Thematic analysis can explore interesting findings from the MICS report and look at issues that have a particular strong policy relevance in the country.