AP Biology Chemistry of Life Properties of Water
AP Biology The amazing molecule: Water
AP Biology More about Water Why are we studying water? All life occurs in water inside & outside the cell All life occurs in water inside & outside the cell
AP Biology Chemistry of water H 2 O molecules form H-bonds with each other + attracted to – creates a sticky molecule
AP Biology Elixir of Life Special properties of water cohesion & adhesion surface tension, capillary action good solvent many molecules dissolve in H 2 O hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic lower density as a solid ice floats! high specific heat water stores heat high heat of vaporization heats & cools slowly I like the part about the ice!
AP Biology Cohesion & Adhesion H bonding between H 2 O molecules is cohesion water is “sticky” surface tension drinking straw H bonding between H 2 O & other substances is adhesion capillary action meniscus water climbs up paper towel or cloth Can you suck sugar up a straw?
AP Biology How does H 2 O get to top of trees? Transpiration built on cohesion & adhesion How tall can a tree get?
AP Biology Water is the solvent of life Polarity makes H 2 O a good solvent polar H 2 O molecules surround + & – ions solvents dissolve solutes creating solutions
AP Biology Do you dissolve in water? Hydrophilic substances have attraction to H 2 O polar or non-polar?
AP Biology Or don’t you? Hydrophobic substances that don’t have an attraction to H 2 O polar or non-polar? fat (triglycerol)
AP Biology The special case of ice Most (all?) substances are more dense when they are solid, but Not water… Ice floats! H bonds form a crystal And this has made all the difference!
AP Biology Ice floats
AP Biology Why is “ice floats” important? Oceans & lakes don’t freeze solid surface ice insulates water below allowing life to survive the winter if ice sank… ponds, lakes & even oceans would freeze solid in summer, only upper few inches would thaw seasonal turnover of lakes cycling nutrients in autumn
AP Biology Specific heat H 2 O resists changes in temperature high specific heat takes a lot to heat it up takes a lot to cool it down H 2 O moderates temperatures on Earth
AP Biology Heat of vaporization Evaporative cooling Organisms rely on heat of vaporization to remove body heat
AP Biology Ionization of water & pH Water ionizes H + splits off from H 2 O, leaving OH – if [H + ] = [ - OH], water is neutral if [H + ] > [ - OH], water is acidic if [H + ] < [ - OH], water is basic pH scale how acid or basic solution is 1 7 14 H 2 O H + + OH –
AP Biology pH Scale In pure water only 1 water molecule in every 554 million is dissociated. very small amount of ions [H + ] or [OH - ] is M [H + ] [OH - ] = pH scale is based on this equation
AP Biology pH Scale 10 –1 H + Ion Concentration Examples of Solutions Stomach acid, Lemon juice 1 pH 10 0 Hydrochloric acid0 10 – –3 Vinegar, cola, beer 3 10 –4 Tomatoes 4 10 –5 Black coffee, Rainwater 5 10 –6 Urine, Saliva 6 10 –7 Pure water, Blood 7 10 –8 Seawater 8 10 –9 Baking soda 9 10 –10 Great Salt Lake –11 Household ammonia –12 Household bleach –13 Oven cleaner –14 Sodium hydroxide14
AP Biology Amount of base added Buffering range 452 pH Buffers & cellular regulation pH of cells must be kept ~7 pH affects shape of molecules shape of molecules affect function pH affects cellular function Control pH by buffers reservoir of H + donate H+ when [H + ] falls absorb H+ when [H + ] rises
AP Biology pH & Biology pH of a neutral solution = 7 Acidic solutions =pH 7 Most biological fluids have pH 6 – 8 pH values in human stomach can reach 2 Each pH unit represents a 10-fold difference in H + & OH - concentrations. small change in pH actually indicates a substantial change in [H + ] & [OH - ]
AP Biology Water is a polar molecule The special properties of water make life on Earth possible The chemical behavior of water governs how organisms function Punchline
AP Biology He’s gonna earn a Darwin Award! Do one brave thing today…then run like hell!