1. AP Biology Water— The Elixir of Life! 2004-2005

2. AP Biology Why are we studying water? All of the processes of life occur in water inside & outside the cell 2004-2005

3. AP Biology 2004-2005

4. AP Biology Chemistry of water Water is polar molecule remember polar covalent bonds + & – poles 2004-2005

5. AP Biology Chemistry of water H 2 O molecules form H bonds with each other + attracted to – creates a sticky molecule 2004-2005

6. AP Biology Cohesion H bonding between H 2 O creates cohesion water is “sticky” surface tension Water strider 2004-2005

7. AP Biology Water moving through a plant The major factors that allow water to move through plants The adhesion of water to the inner lining of the roots The cohesion of the water molecules with each other to “pull” other water molecules through the lumen of the root Capillary action of water upwards through roots/stem Transpiration of water through the leaves (giving the need for more water to be pulled up through the soil) 2004-2005

8. AP Biology How does H 2 O get to top of tree? Transpiration 2004-2005

9. AP Biology Adhesion H 2 O molecules form H bonds with other substances capillary action meniscus water climbs up fiber ex. paper towel 2004-2005

10. AP Biology Water is the solvent of life H 2 O is a good solvent due to its polarity polar H 2 O molecules surround + & – ions solvents dissolve solutes creating aqueous solutions 2004-2005

11. AP Biology Hydrophilic substances have affinity for H 2 O polar or non-polar? Polar ionic 2004-2005

12. AP Biology Hydrophobic substances do not have affinity for H 2 O polar or non-polar? Non-polar non-ionic 2004-2005 fat (triglycerol)

13. AP Biology The special case of ice Most substances are more dense when they are solid But not water… Ice floats! H bonds form a crystal with loose structure 2004-2005

14. AP Biology Ice floats 2004-2005

15. AP Biology Why is “ice floats” important? Oceans & lakes don’t freeze solid if ice sank… eventually all ponds, lakes & even ocean would freeze solid during summer, only upper few inches would thaw surface ice insulates water below allowing life to survive the winter 2004-2005

16. AP Biology Specific heat H 2 O has high specific heat (2 nd highest after ammonia) due to H bonding H 2 O resists changes in temperature takes a lot to heat it up takes a lot to cool it down H 2 O moderates temperatures on Earth 2004-2005

17. AP Biology 2004-2005

18. AP Biology Evaporative cooling Organisms rely on heat of vaporization to remove heat 2004-2005

19. AP Biology Water forms ions Hydrogen ion (H + ) splits off from water to leave a hydroxide ion ( - OH) H 2 0 ----> H + + - OH If concentration of 2 ions is equal, water is neutral In water, there is always a little [H+] and [OH-] If [H + ] > [ - OH], water is acidic If [ - OH] > [H + ], water is basic pH scale = how acidic or basic a solution is 2004-2005

20. AP Biology pH Scale In pure water only 1 water molecule in every 554 million is dissociated. very small amount of ions [H + ] or [OH - ] is 10 -7 M [H + ] [OH - ] = 10 -14 pH scale is based on this equation 2004-2005

21. AP Biology pH Scale In neutral solution [H + ] = 10 -7  pH = 7 Values for pH decline as [H + ] increase Acids adding acid increases [H +] Bases adding base increases [OH - ] 2004-2005

22. AP Biology pH & Biology pH of a neutral solution = 7 Acidic solutions =pH 7 Most biological fluids have pH 6 – 8 pH values in human stomach can reach 2 Each pH unit represents a 10-fold difference in H + & OH - concentrations. If you go from pH 6 to pH 4, it is a 100 fold increase in [H+] small change in pH actually indicates a substantial change in [H + ] & [OH - ] 2004-2005

23. AP Biology Why is this important? Water is a polar molecule The special properties of water make life on Earth possible The chemical behavior of water governs how organisms function 2004-2005

24. AP Biology Buffers Buffers are substances which do not change (very much) in pH when either and acid or a base is added. They can accept or donate H + to self-adjust pH. EX: carbonic acid/carbonate system in blood Importance? 2004-2005