Chapter 3

1. SOLIDS Have a definite shape and volume. HLHLeast amount of movement of particles. HPHParticles often arranged in a regular pattern, and tightly packed.

2. LIQUIDS H No definite shape, but do have a definite volume. H A liquid will assume the shape of its container. H Particles are close together but move about freely.

3. GASES HNHNo definite shape nor volume HCHCan fill any container HPHParticles are spread out and move very fast. (1000 mph)

PLASMA H Most common phase of matter in the universe. H Not found on earth. H Where can this be found?

Kinetic Theory H All particles of matter are in constant motion. Solids, liquids, and gases. H There are also forces of attraction between particles

Pressure H A force exerted over a certain area H Measured in newtons/m 2 or pascals (Pa)

3 Factors that affect pressure: 1) Temperature 2) Volume 3) Number of particles

Charles’ Law HTHThe volume of a fixed amount of gas varies directly with the temperature in degrees kelvin of a gas. HEHExample: –H–Hot air balloons

Boyle’s Law H Named after Irish chemist Robert Boyle. H The volume of a fixed amount of gas varies inversely with the pressure of a gas. H Example: –Balloon in vacuum

Combined Gas Law H When you look at the effect of both temperature and pressure on a closed system of gas at the same time. H Formula: P 1 V 1 /T 1 = P 2 V 2 /T 2

Phase Changes HAHALL ARE PHYSICAL CHANGES HTHThe six types are: –M–Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition

What happens to temperature and heat energy during a phase change? H There is always a change in heat energy.  Endothermic = heat energy is absorbed  Exothermic = heat energy is released  Temperature always remains constant.

Melting and freezing H Melting H Changing from a solid to a liquid. H The substance absorbs energy H Freezing H Changing from a liquid to a solid. H The substance releases energy

vaporization H Change of a substance from a liquid to a gas. H Must absorb energy. H 2 types: 1.Boiling 2.Evaporation

EVAPORATION HVHVaporization occurring at the surface of the liquid only.

BOILING HVHVaporization throughout the liquid.

Can you boil water when it is cold? H Boiling point depends on air pressure. H EARTHMOON

Condensation HCHChange of a gas to a liquid. HRHReleases heat energy

Sublimation HCHChanging directly to a gas from the solid phase skipping the liquid state. HeHex. –d–dry ice, iodine, ice and snow

Deposition H Changing directly from a gas to a solid. H Frost forming on windows from the humidity in the air.

ASSIGNMENT H Pages –1-10, 17, 18, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32 –Page