Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels CAMBODIA A gender analysis of Food Security Statistics by Specific Population Groups in the Cambodian 2003/05 CSES ISSUE: DERIVING FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS AT SUB NATIONAL LEVELS AND GENDER ANALYSIS OF FOOD DEPRIVATION

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels BACKGROUND Poverty (income deprivation) and hunger (food deprivation) are two important aspects of food insecurity in Cambodia.. In their role of food producers, care givers and income generators, women are one of the most vulnerable and food insecure groups. In particular, when they are head of the households (35 percent).

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels THE SURVEY  Cambodian Socio Economic Survey (CSES 2004) collected data on household consumption using two different data collection methodologies: traditional recall questions and a monthly diary for all household economic transactions.  Largest multi-objective household survey ever undertaken (15,000 Households) in 900 villages from November, 2003 to January, 2005.

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels The FAO Food Security Statistics Module (FSSM) was applied to the CSES 2004 food consumption data:  It yielded food consumption statistics.  It converted food consumption in quantities to dietary energy consumption (DEC) based on data from the ASEAN Food Composition Table.  It estimated the minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) for different population groups using sampled age and sex population structures and heights collected in the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS ). THE METHODOLOGY

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels Women’s important contribution to food security has been under-documented in food insecurity statistics due to a lack of analysis using a gender lens. This paper attempts to fill this gap through analysis food security statistics (FSS) for sub-national groups, in particular household groups by gender of household head by area of residence (urban and rural) and by regions. ISSUE

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels Male-HeadedFemale-headed Higher proportion in rural areas due to male’s employment in agricultural activity. Higher proportion in urban areas due to due to work-related migration as domestic workers, in the garment industry or sex industry. In both areas, the proportional contributions of males and females remain virtually at parity, even though there are fewer individuals in the category itself. In rural areas, the proportion of males in the household begins to decrease starting from the years of age and decreasing markedly through the middle-age categories and above. This is true also at national level for female- headed households with more than six people. FINDINGS ON AGE AND SEX STRUCTURE & PROPORTION OF FAMILIES FOR URBAN AND RURAL AREAS

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels FINDINGS ON PROPORTION, AGE AND SEX OF SURVEY HOUSEHOLDS Such patterns are perhaps due to: The decline in fertility from Internal migration (35% of the Cambodian has been classified as migrants). Differences in age-adjusted adult mortality rate for male (5.18 in age groups) and for female (3.12 in age groups). Refugees return could have determined lower male proportion in female headed households with respect female proportion.

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels FINDINGS ON HUNGER : Food deprivation higher for female-headed households than for male-headed households

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels FINDINGS ON HUNGER Food deprivation proportions are higher for female-headed households in the majority of the provinces

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels FINDINGS ON POVERTY The MDER and its cost in the first quintile of income was higher in female-headed households than in male-headed households: At national level (1732 versus 1713 kcal/person/day) and (559 versus 500 Riel/1000 kcal). In urban areas (1766 versus 1756 kcal/person/day) and (685 versus 641 Riel/1000 kcal). In rural areas (1725 versus 1705 kcal/person/day) and (535 versus 483 Riel/1000 kcal).

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels FINDINGS ON POVERTY Critical Food Poverty proportions are higher for female-headed households than for male-headed households.

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels FINDINGS ON POVERTY Critical food poverty proportions are higher for female-headed households than male headed households in Kampong Cham, a province with 95 percent of the population

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels Male-HeadedFemale-headed In both urban and rural areas, Cambodian male-headed households consumed on average more kilocalories of food energy than female- headed households. Female-headed households spent more on food, and their dietary energy prices were higher compared to male headed households. FINDINGS ON FOOD CONSUMPTION AND EXPENDITURES DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND DIETARY ENERGY PRICES

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels FINDINGS ON SHARE OF FOOD CONSUMPTION BY FOOD SOURCE AND EXPENDITURES In urban and in rural areas, for both male- and female-headed households, the share of DEC from purchases and from eating away from home to total DEC was linked to income levels

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels FINDINGS ON DIET DIVERSITY AND ON DIETARY UNIT ENERGY COST The quality of the diet is the same for female and male headed households at national level. Female-headed households had a higher average dietary energy unit cost than male-headed households. Food may cost more due to acquisition mechanisms such as credit or small quantities frequently that increase food cost.

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels FINDINGS ON SHARE OF FOOD IN TOTAL CONSUMPTION AND INEQUALITY IN ACCESS TO FOOD At national level, female-headed households in the first and fifth quintile of income, spent a large share of their total consumption expenditure on food. This indicates that female-headed households had less money left for buying other goods different than food. The coefficient of variation of dietary energy consumption indicates that in both rural and urban areas inequality in access to food was higher in female than male headed households.

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels CONCLUSION AND REMARKS Food deprivation was higher for female-headed households than their male-headed counterparts in both urban and rural areas. The overall gender pattern of food deprivation rates was quite varied by region and by province. Similar patterns were observed for critical food poverty.

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels Female-headed households in both urban and rural areas consumed less kilocalories of food energy and paid more compared to male-headed households. Female-headed households in rural areas are so reliant on food purchases to supply their DEC, despite their low per capita incomes. CONCLUSION AND REMARKS

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels RECOMMENDATIONS Ethnographic/qualitative studies are recommended in order to analyze and compare the social structure of consumption and food access by the household groups analysed. Income generation and livelihoods support activities for rural women, should be considered. A similar analyses employing of food insecurity patterns based on household food consumption statistics using a gender perspective should be encouraged for other countries.

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels LIMITATIONS The dataset was used to perform a quantitative analysis but it did not support a qualitative analysis in terms of providing explanations of the patterns.

Statistics Division Beijing, China 25 October, 2007 EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme Side Event Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry Populations at Sub-national Levels THANK YOU