BIG IDEA: THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTS THE TRAITS OF ITS INHABITANTS.

 Biogenesis: › All living things come from other living things  Spontaneous Generation : › States that life can come from nonliving matter  Evolution : › the development of new types of organisms from preexisting organisms over time

 Natural Selection: › Is the mechanism for “descent of modification”  Adaption: › A trait that makes an organism successful in its environment  EX:  thicker fur coats in cold climates  Fitness: › Is a measure of an individual’s hereditary contribution to the next generation

 Homologous Structure: › structures that occur in different species and originate from a common ancestor  Example: human arm and whale’s fin  Analogous Structure: › Structures that are closely related but do not derive from the same ancestor  Example: Wings of butterfly and bird  Vestigial Structure: › Structures that serve no function but that resemble structures with functional roles  Example: Human appendix

 Fossil: › Are the remains of an organism that died long ago › EX:  Dinosaur bones  Control Group: › the group that doesn’t change  Experimental Group › the group that has the variable

Where does life come from?

 A piece of meat was left out.  The next day flies and maggots were seen on the meat.  Where did the flies come from? › The thought  the meat.

 idea that life can arise from nonliving matter.  There is a “life force”

 Francesco Redi  Lazzaro Spallanzani  Louis Pasteur

 1668 › Francesco Redi  One scientist that performed an experiment that disproved spontaneous generation

 Control group: › Put meat in a jar uncovered.  Experimental group: › Put meat in a jar covered.

 He let the jars sit out for a couple days  Observes……

Experimental Group: Control Group :  Flies found on the meat.  No flies on the meat.

 Conclusion  › Flies do not come from the meat.

 Italian scientist  1768 › Performed another experiment that disprove spontaneous generation

 Control Group: › Boil broth › Left flask open  Experimental Group: › Boil broth › Sealed flask

 Control: › Broth becomes cloudy  bacteria present  Experimental: › Broth remains clear  NO bacteria

 The bacteria came from the air

 French chemist  He disproved spontaneous generation  Invented the Pasteurization method

1862:  Boil broth in a curved-neck flask. › Curved-neck prevented large particles from getting into the body of the flask.

 After a year, › Broth in the not broken neck of flask  clear › Broth in the broken neck of flask  cloudy

 Bacteria came from the outside air.

 All living things come from the reproduction of other living things.

 Change in an organism over time.

 Jean Baptiste Lamarck  Charles Darwin

 French Biologist  Famous for his evolutionary theory of inheritance

1809  Two Theories 1. Use and Disuse 2. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

 Body parts that are used more grow stronger and bigger  USE  Body parts that are NOT used deteriorate  DISUSE

 Physical traits that were changed in an organism are inherited by their offspring(s).

 Giraffe’s neck › They gets longer as it stretches to reach food in trees.

NO!!!!!!

 Variations that occur in the: › GAMETES cells are passed to offspring › SOMATIC (body) cells are NOT inherited

 British Naturalist  Set sail on the HMS Beagle  Famous for his studies with finches on the Galapagos Islands  “Father of Evolution”

 Went to the Galapagos Islands  He observed different types of finches  These observation lead to him developing his theory of evolution

 British Naturalist  Co discover of natural selection  Wallace and Darwin presented their ideas to the public › Darwinism

States: 1. Descent with modification 2. Evolution occurs by the process of natural selection.

 states evolution is the development of new organisms from preexisting organisms over time.

 Over production: › In a population, more offspring are produced than can survive.  Competition › Only some survive long enough to reproduce.

 There is variation within a population  these variations are inherited and lead to differences in organisms

 traits that are favorable and improve the organism’s ability to function and reproduce.

 States that survivors pass on their variations.  Therefore…..  a larger proportion in the next generation will have those variations.

 is a measure of an individual’s genetic contribution to the next generation.

 Over time, small changes accumulate and populations change.

 a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring.

1. Fossil Evidence 2. Anatomy 3. Embryology 4. Molecular Evidence

 Fossils: › remains/traces of organisms that died long ago › They are often found in strata  Strata  layered rock

 If undisturbed, › the lowest stratum is the oldest › the highest stratum is the newest  Relative Age: › found by comparing ages of strata  Absolute age › found by using radiometric dating

Fossil record suggests that different species were present in the past than today.

What about the PACE of evolutionary change?

 Evolution that occurs slowly and continuously throughout time

 Gradualism › Fossil record should show many transitional species,  they DON’T  Punctuated Equilibrium › Fossil records seem to support this › However, the mechanism is uncertain

 States that for long periods of time, the existing species didn’t change  Equilibrium  Then, in relatively short periods of time, there is an interruption in the equilibrium  New species emerge.  The fossil record supports this!

 studies the parts or structures of living things.

 Similar internal parts  Different function in different organisms  This suggests descended from COMMON ANCESTORS  Ex: › Human arm › Cat leg › Whale fin › Bat wing

 Similar external form and function  Different internal forms and function  Suggests species came from DIFFERENT ancestral lines  Ex: › Bat Wing › Bird Wing › Insect Wing

 Usually reduced iiin size and have no function. › Suggests that the structure was once used by an evolutionary ancestor. › Example: human appendix, tailbone.

 study of embryos as they develop  Similarities of the development of embryos: › suggests that the species have a common ancestor

 when we analyze chemical similarities between organisms  Ex: a. DNA Comparison b. Protein Comparison

 The more DNA is similar the CLOSER the relationship between the organims

 Amino acids › The building blocks of proteins  Similarities of amino acids that make proteins suggest a relationship between organisms  EX: › In the protein cytochrome C, the difference between amino acids is……  Humans vs. monkeys  1 difference  Human vs. pigs  10 differences