1. Evolution
Natural Selection

2. Review Spontaneous Generation Vital Force
Living things come from nonliving things
Vital Force
The air contains something that produces microorganisms

3. Review When was the Earth formed? What were the first life forms?
4.6 billion years ago
What were the first life forms?
Prokaryotic cells
Define Evolution.
Describes how things change over time

4. Thoughts in 18th Century
Scientists believed species were permanent and unchanging
Earth was only thousands of years old
Scientists began to present evidence that species change over time and that the Earth is much older.

5. Scientists are influenced by other scientists
James Hutton: a geologist in 1785
Realized that certain kinds of rocks are formed from molten lava
Some other rocks form very slowly, as sediments build up and are squeezed into layers
Froces beneath Earth’s surface push rock layers upward and build mountain ranges
Mountains can be warn down by rain, wind, heat and cold

6. Scientists are influenced by other scientists
Charles Lyell
Laws of nature are constant over time and that scientists must explain past events in term of processes they can observe in the present

7. Hutton and Lyell
Laws of nature concluded that Earth is extremely old and that the processes that changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present

8. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
French Naturalist
Suggested that organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using various parts
Suggested that individuals could pass these acquired traits on to their offspring, causing change over time

9. Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1809 Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Individuals acquired traits during lifetime as a result of experience then can pass those traits onto their offspring.
Larger muscles from work, children would have larger muscles

10. Thomas Malthus English Economist
1798- notes humans were being born faster that dying causing over crowding
Forces working against population growth, include war, famine, and disease
Applied to other organisms as well

11. Alfred Russel Wallace English naturalist working in Malaysia 1850’s
Thoughts were almost identical to Darwin’s which caused Darwin to publish book

12. Charles Darwin 1809-1882 Traveled on the Beagle
Noticed similar organisms around the world
Did a lot of work on Galapagos Islands off of South America
Wrote book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Used the phrase Descent with modification
Beaks of finches on Galapagos Islands

13. Natural Selection Four main parts of Darwin’s reasoning
Overproduction: more offspring can be produced than can survive to maturity
Genetic Variation: individuals within a population have different traits
Struggle to Survive: individuals must compete with each other for limited resources
Differential Reproduction: individuals that have certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

14. Speciation Speciation: the formation of new species
Convergent Evolution: different species evolve similar traits because of environment they live in
These species are not related
Divergent Evolution: organisms begin to look different because of the environment they live in
Adaptive Radiation: a new species in a new environment will undergo divergent evolution until population fills many part of the environment

15. Speciation
Geographic Isolation: a population is split due to the habitat becoming divided
Ex: canyons, mountain ranges, bodies of water, deserts, accidentally transported to new area
Reproductive Isolation: there are barriers to successful breeding between population groups in same area
Prezygotic: before fertilization
Ex. Mating calls, time of mating
Postzygotic: after fertilization
Ex: offspring cannot reproduce

16. Rates of Speciation
Gradualism: changes occur at a regular, gradual rate
Punctuated Equilibrium: Many years of no change, then all of the sudden have a significant change

17. Evidence of Evolution
Fossil: remains or traces of an organism from long ago.
Biogeography: study of the location of organisms
Animals that seemed closely related yet are adapted to different environments in nearby regions.
Animals that seemed unrelated but have similar adaptations to similar environments

18. Evidence of Evolution Anatomy and Embryology
Anatomy: the study of body structure
Embryology: the study of how organisms develop
Homologous Structures: anatomical structures that occur in different species and that originates by common ancestor
Ex: human, penguin, alligator, bat all have a humerus, radius, and ulna

19. Evidence of Evolution Biological Molecule
Analogous Structure: structures that have similar functions but different structures
Ex: wings of birds and insects
Vestigial Structure: structure that have no known function
Ex: tailbone, appendix
Biological Molecule
DNA and RNA
The greater number of similarities between any given species the more closely related