2. Spontaneous Generation – Living things could come from nonliving things
Biogenesis – All living things come from other living things

3. Francesco Redi – Questioned the belief that flies were generated spontaneously from rotting meat
Observation
Tiny wormlike maggots turned into sturdy oval cases, from which flies eventually emerge
Experimental Group – Jars with nets over them that contained meat inside
Netting allowed air to enter but not flies
Control Group – Uncovered jars with meat inside
Result – maggots swarmed over the meat in the open jars while the experimental remained maggot free

4. Control
Experimental A:
Independent Variable - Cork
Experimental B:
Independent Variable - Net

5. Experiment – boiled broth in a flask to kill all microorganisms in it
Hypothesis – Microorganisms form not from air but from other microorganisms
Spallanzani
Experiment – boiled broth in a flask to kill all microorganisms in it
Experimental Group – boiled then sealed flask
Control Group – boiled then left open
Result – sealed flask remained clear and free of microorganisms; open flasks became cloudy
*Disagreed – heated the flasks too long, killing the
“vital force” in the air inside the flask

6. Louis Pasteur – Made a goose-neck flask that prevented solid particles from entering but allowed air
– Remained clear for up to a year – he broke the neck off & the broth became cloudy

7. Paleontology is the study of fossils or extinct organisms.

8. Fossil – Trace of a long dead organism
Found in sedimentary rock – Deposited by wind & water
Develop from hard body parts
Overtime hard minerals replace the tissue leaving rocklike structures
Mold – Imprint in the rock in the shape of the organism
Cast – Mold has been filled with hard minerals making a rocklike model

9. Distribution of Fossils
Law of Superposition – Successive layers of rock or soil were deposited on top of one another by wind or water
Lowest stratum (rock layer) is the oldest
Relative age – Using law of superposition to figure out the age of one fossil compared to another

10. Uniformitarianism - is the prevailing theory of geologic change.

11. Evolution is biological change over time
10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Evolution is biological change over time
A Species is a group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring.

12. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Naturalist – Collect specimens and keep careful records of observations

13. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Lamarck: Similar species descended from a common ancestor
Acquired Trait – Trait not determined by genes but by experience or behavior
Believed acquired traits could be passed down

14. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Charles Darwin
Born 1809
Originally studied medicine at Edinburgh University
Hated the sight of blood
Switched to Theology (Divinity)
Faith waivered after encountering the evils of slavery on his travels
1831 H.M.S. Beagle
5-year mapping and collecting expedition to South America and South Pacific

16. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Worked on his theories for 20 years
Married his first cousin
Died 1882
February 12th is Darwin Day
Did not say “Survival of the Fittest”
Herbert Spencer 1864

17. Found fossils of extinct animals that resemble modern animals.
10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Found fossils of extinct animals that resemble modern animals.

18. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Variation - a difference in a physical trait.
Galápagos tortoises that live in areas with tall plants have long necks and legs.
Galápagos finches that live in areas with hard-shelled nuts have strong beaks.

19. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Adaptation - Feature that allow an organism to better survive in its environment.
Lead to genetic change in a population
The change in Genetic makeup of the population is Evolution

20. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin’s Theories
Descent with Modification – Newer forms appearing in the fossil record are actually the modified descendants of older species
Natural Selection – Organisms with favorable traits survive, reproduce, and pass the variations to the next generation
Fitness - Measure of survival ability and ability to produce more offspring .

21. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution
Darwin noticed a lot of variation in domesticated plants and animals.
Artificial selection - Process by which humans select traits through breeding.
neck feathers
crop
tail feathers

22. Darwin Awards Named in honor of Charles Darwin (Father of Evolution)
Awards honor those who improve our gene pool by removing themselves from it

23. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
10.4 Evidence of Evolution
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Biogeography - Study of the distribution of organisms around the world.
Island species most closely resemble nearest mainland species
Populations can show variation from one island to another

24. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution
Embryology - Provides evidence of evolution.
Identical larvae  Different adult body forms
Similarities in Biochemistry: DNA, RNA, ATP
Embryos of all vertebrates have gill slits
Larva
Adult barnacle
Adult crab

26. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution
Anatomy provides evidence of evolution.
Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function
Homologous structures are evidence of a common ancestor.
Human hand
Bat wing
Mole foot

27. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
10.4 Evidence of Evolution
Human hand
Bat wing
Mole foot
Fly wing
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Analogous structures – similar function but different structure
Analogous structures are not evidence of a common ancestor.

28. 10.4 Evidence of Evolution
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Vestigial structures are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor but no longer have a function

29. 10.4 Evidence of Evolution

30. Molecular and Genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence.
10.4 Evidence of Evolution
Molecular and Genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence.
Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences.

31. 10.4 Evidence of Evolution
Pseudogenes are sequences providing evidence of evolution.
No longer function
Carried along with functional DNA
Can be clues to a common ancestor