LING212 Second Language Acquisition Florencia Franceschina

Terminology Second language acquisition Foreign language acquisition Acquisition of additional languages Bilingual language acquisition

L2 grammars A.k.a. interlanguage grammars (ILGs) Example: L2 speaker on Botticelli

Route of acquisition U-shaped learning Example: Myles et al. (1999)

Myles et al. (1999) L1 English/L2 French 16 adolescents Recorded 6 times over 2 years Initially drilled in using ‘chunks’: Quel âge as-tu? Comment tu t’appelles? Qu’est qu’il aime faire? etc.

Myles et al. (1999) Findings: Three question types: 1. Qs formed from chunks they had been drilled on. 2. Novel questions lacking verbs Où la piscine? 3. Novel questions with verbs

Myles et al. (1999) Q type Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chunk 143/186 77% 264/418 63% 47/111 42% 214/483 44% 261/622 40/264 15% V-less 41/186 22% 129/418 31% 53/111 48% 235/483 49% 287/622 46% 182/264 69% With V 2/186 1% 25/418 6% 11/111 10% 34/483 7% 74/622 12% 42/264 16%

Route of acquisition Fixed stages of acquisition Example: Pienemann (1998)

Pienemann (1998) Stages of acquisition of word order in L2 German: SVO Die kinder spielen mim ball (the children play with the ball) Adverb pre-posing Da kinder spielen (there children play) Verb separation Aller kinder muss die pause machen (all children must the pause make) Verb second (V2) Dann hat sie wieder die knoch gebringt (then has she again the bone brought) Verb final in subordinate clauses Er sagte dass er nach hause kommt (he said that he to home comes)

Rate of acquisition Some learners are faster than others Example 1: Snow and Hoefnagel-Hole (1978) Example 2: Dulay and Burt (1974)

Snow and Hoefnagel-Hohle (1978) L1 English / L2 Dutch Immersion Tasks: Pronunciation, auditory discrimination, morphology, sentence repetition, sentence translation, sentence judgement, story comprehension, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Findings: After 3 months’ residence: adults and adolescents outperformed children on tests After 10 months’ residence: the children caught up

Dulay and Burt (1974) L1 Chinese (Cantonese) / L2 English (replication of D&B, 73, L1 Spanish / L2 English children) 115 6-8 year-olds in the US Task: BSM

Dulay and Burt (1974): Bilingual Syntax Measure

Dulay and Burt (1974): results

Variable attainment profile Fossilization High levels of individual variation Example 1: Franceschina (2001) Example 2: Johnson and Newport (1989)

Franceschina (2001) L1 English, L1 Italian / L2 Spanish Nearnatives Task: Spontaneous speech production Findings: All learners were equally accurate (totally target-like) on number agreement The Italian speakers were more accurate than the English speakers on gender agreement

Johnson and Newport (1989) L1 Chinese, L1 Korean / L2 English 46 participants AoA: between 3-39 Minimum residence in the US: 5 years Task: GJT testing a range of grammatical properties

Johnson and Newport (1989) (1)

Johnson and Newport (1989) (2)

Summary ILGs are: Systematic (e.g., route, within L1 groups) Variable (according to age of acquisition, L1, in terms of rate of acquisition and outcome)

What determines the variable L2 outcomes? Learner-internal factors Age (Singleton and Lengyel, 1995; Birdsong, 1999) L1 (Odlin, 1989; Gass and Selinker, 1992) Aptitude (Sawyer and Ranta, 2001) Motivation (Dornyei and Schmidt, 2001) …

What determines the variable L2 outcomes? Learner-external factors Type of input (Carroll, 2001; Norris and Ortega, 2000) Type of interaction (Gass, 1997) …

What determines the variable L2 outcomes? Caveat: SLA researchers do not all agree on the exact role that the previously mentioned factors play in determining L2 outcomes.

References Birdsong, D. (ed.) 1999: Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Carroll, S. E. 2001: Input and evidence. The raw material of SLA. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Dornyei, Z. and R. Schmidt. 2001: Motivation and second language acquisition. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Dulay, H. and M. Burt. 1974: Natural sequences in child second language acquisition. Language Learning 24, 37-53. Franceschina, F. 2001: Where lies the difference between native and non-native grammars? Evidence from the L2A of Spanish, in S. Foster-Cohen and A. Nizegorodcew, eds. EUROSLA Yearbook 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Pp. 143-158. Gass, S. M. 1997: Input, interaction and the second language learner. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Gass, S. M. and L. Selinker. (eds.) 1992: Language transfer in language learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

References Myles, F., R. Mitchell and P. J. Hooper. 1999: Interrogative chunks in French L2: a basis for creative construction? Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, 49-80. Norris, J. and L. Ortega. 2000: Effectiveness of L2 instruction: a research synthesis and quantitative meta-analysis. Language Learning 50, 417-528. Odlin, T. 1989: Language transfer: cross-linguistic influence in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pienemann, M. 1998a: Language processing and L2 development. Processability theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ---- 1998b: Developmental dynamics in L1 and L2 acquisition: Processability Theory and generative entrenchment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, 1-20. Sawyer, M. and L. Ranta. 2001: Aptitude, individual differences and instructional design, in P. Robinson, ed. Cognition and second language instruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 319-353. Singleton, D. M. and Z. Lengyel. (eds.) 1995: The age factor in second language acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Snow, C. E. and M. Hoefnagel-Hohle. 1978: The critical period for language acquisition: evidence from second language learning. Child Development 49, 1114-1128.

Administrative Reading: White (2003: chapter 1). You will find some study questions on the course website. You can also read chapter 2, which contains more advanced discussion. Empirical study summary forms Glossary cards This term seminars will take place in weeks 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 in Bowland B61