Nanotechnology The biggest science and engineering initiative since the Apollo program

Objectives 1. Make sense of Nanotechnology 2. Understand the smallness of nanoscale 3. Appreciate the impossibility of creating nanoscale materials with macroscale tools 4. Explore the applications of nanotechnology and how it is changing materials

What is Nanotechnology nano.gov Click on Tee- shirt

How small are nanostructures? Single Hair Width = 0.1 mm = 100 micrometers = 100,000 nanometers !

Smaller still Hair. DNA 3 nanometers 6,000 nanometers 100,000 nanometers 10 nm objects made by guided self-assembly

Applications of Nanotechnology

10 GB GB GB GB GB 2007 First, An Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity Hard drive Magnetic data storage Uses nanotechnology!

Hitachi 4TB desktop PC 2011

Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale? To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more) To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.) For a sustainable future!

Types of Nanostructures and How They Are Made

"Nanostructures" Nano-objectsNanostructured Materials nanoscale outer dimensions nanoscale internal structure Nanoscale Devices and Systems Integrated nano-objects and materials "nanoparticle" "nanorod" "nanofilm" "nanotube" and more

Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing "Top down" versus "bottom up" methods Lithography Deposition Etching Machining Chemical Self-Assembly

Nanofilms Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes "Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light Nanofilm on plastic Nanofilm on glass

Photolithography substrate process recipe spin on resist resist expose mask (reticle) develop deposit applyspinbake spin coating exposed unexposed "scission" liftoff etch narrow line narrow trench

Imprint Lithography Mold Template Polymer or Prepolymer Substrate Imprint Pressure Heat or Cure Release Thermal Imprint Lithography –Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography –Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold

Limits of Lithography Complex devices need to be patterned several times  Takes time and is expensive Limited by wavelength of light  Deep UV ~ 30nm features Can use electrons instead  1nm features possible  MUCH slower than optical IBM - Copper Wiring On a Computer Chip

Self Assembly

SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS Block “A” Block “B” 10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A ~10 nm Ordered Phases PMMA PS Scale set by molecular size

CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition Template Etching Mask Nanoporous Membrane Remove polymer block within cylinders (expose and develop) Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system (physical or electrochemical)

nanoporous template Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask 1x10 12 magnets/in 2 Data Storage......and More

More Applications of Nanotechnology

The future of Nano Solar Konarka Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.

Nanomedicine: Cancer Therapy tumor gold nanoshells Halas group, Rice Univ. targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment

Perhaps the most important result in nanotechology so far: People from diverse fields working together to solve important problems in our society Physics Chemistry Biology Materials Science Polymer Science Electrical Engineering Chemical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Medicine And others Electronics Materials Health/Biotech Chemical Environmental Energy Food Aerospace Automotive Security Forest products

A Message for Students Nanotechnology will change practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing societies across the world

Some interesting Resources CA Berkely What is Nanotechnology Nano-waterproofing lesson