African American English  Phonology  Syntax  Vocabulary [NOT in FR&H] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language,

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African American English  Phonology  Syntax  Vocabulary [NOT in FR&H] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp

AAE Phonology 1  r-deletion (not unique to AAE) guardgod soresaw Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp

AAE Phonology 2  l-deletion (some speakers) allawe helphep  Consonant cluster simplification (not unique) passedpass meantmen Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 444.

AAE Phonology 3  Neutralization of [  ] and [  ] before nasals (not unique) pin pen tinten  Loss of interdental fricatives (not unique) thing  fing this, that, these, those  [d] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 444.

AAE Syntax 1  Multiple negatives (not unique to AAE) He don’t know nothing.  Deletion of the verb ‘be’ SAEAAE He is nice /He nice He’s nice Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 445.

AAE Syntax 2  Habitual ‘be’ John be happy.John is always happy. John happy.John is happy now. He be late.He is habitually late. He late.He is late this time. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp

AAE Vocabulary Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams do not discuss this at all.

Lakoff’s Women’s Language  More hedges I suppose, I would imagine, This is probably wrong but…  More tag questions He’s not a very good actor, is he?  Words showing politeness please, thank you  Intensifying adjectives really, so Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 449.

Labov’s Department Store Study  Saks High end  Macy’s In the middle  Klein’s Low end Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pP

Lingua Francas around the World  Mediterranean (Historically) Greek Latin Provencal/Italian original Lingua Franca  East Africa Swahili  West Africa Hausa  India Hindi / English  China Mandarin (also Standard) Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp

Pidgin “A pidgin language…is a lingua franca which has no native speakers.” Peter Trudgill. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, third edition. London: Penguin Books, 1995, p. 157.

Creole “When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue, and children learn it as a first language, that language is called a creole; the pidgin has become creolized.” Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language, sixth edition. Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998, p. 425.

Shakespeare in Pidgin/Creole Julius Caesar (Act III, Scene 2) Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. Krio Padi dem, kohntri, una ohl wey dey na Rom. Meyk una ohl kak una yeys. A kam ber Siza, a noh kam preyz am. Tok Pisin Pren, man bolong Rom, Wantok, harim nau. Mi kam tasol long plantim Kaesar. Mi noken beiten longen. David Crystal The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 335.

Code switching  Sometimes I ’ ll start a sentence in English and termino en espa ñ ol.  I mean, c ’ est un idiot, ce mec-l à.  Johan hat mir gesagt that you were going to leave.  我們昨天去看的 move was really amazing. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp

Styles “Most speakers of a language speak one way with friends, another on a job interview or presenting a report in class, another talking to small children, another with their parents, and so on. These ‘situation dialects’ are called styles or registers.” Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 469.

Slang “ Slang is something that nearly everyone uses and recognizes, but nobody can define precisely. ” “ It is more metaphorical, playful, elliptical, vivid, and shorter-lived than ordinary language. ” Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 470.

Slang freshmanolder slang, now general mobditto fanmore recent slang, now general phoneditto TVditto barffairly recent slang space outditto rip-offditto beat itstill slang (since Shakespeare) Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language, sixth edition. Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998, p. 427.

Taboo Words / Topics  Sex  Religion  Bodily functions  Race  Death Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp

Language Changes Depending on Social Factors Where talk takes place(Physical setting) Who you talk to(Interlocutors) What you talk about(Register) Medium used Level of formality(Style)

Social Context Factors  Social background  Ethnic group  Gender  Age  Educational background  Formality

Differences in Language  Different languages  Different dialects (AAE)  Lingua Franca  Pidgins and Creoles  Styles  Slang  Jargon and Argot (Register)  Taboo words  Euphemisms