New and Renewable Energy Systems  NEW -re-invented or revitalized as new technologies often using age-old principles but using new and more efficient, advanced engineering principles  RENEWABLE - Often renewed in a short span of time  SOLAR -Renewed on a daily cycle  WIND -At least on a seasonal cycle  BIOMASS -Within a few years

ALSO KNOWN AS Non conventional sources Alternative sources of energy MISNORMS AND MISCONCEPTIONS Appropriate technologies Rural Technologies SALIENT FEATURES Inexhaustible in nature Renewable Environmentally less harmful

DRAW BACKS High development cost Advanced engineering principles Skilled manpower requirement for assembly installation and maintenance Often deliver low quantities of output Diluted and dispersed form

CHARACTERISTICS Seasonality Variability Unreliability Irregularity What are the most common NRSE technologies pursued at present? Solar Wind Biomass Conversion – Biogas, Producer Gas, Briquettes etc. Geo Thermal Micro/Min Hydro (Major hydro being renewable but conventional) Ocean Related Energy Sources OTEC – Ocean thermal energy conversion Tidal Wave

SUN IS THE ENGINE OF LIFE Solar Radiation – Direct Solar Radiation, Diffused and Reflected Solar Radiation Two Main collection processes Technical Collection Natural Collection Tropical belt has enough sun shine to harness for the production of useful energy TWO BASIC PARAMETERS ARE IMPORTANT Solar irradiance Sun shine hours

Extra Terrestrial Irradiation 1.35kW/m2 Spectral irradiance – important to analyze the behavior of conversion devices and for the design of conversion devices PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR CONVERSION SYSTEMS DEPEND ON Direct irradiance (Temporal and Geographic) Diffused irradiance Spectral distribution AVERAGE DATA IN SRI LANKA 1kW/m2 irradiance on a bright sunny mid day 1780 kWh/m2 per day or 5.6 kWh/m2 per day

The Solar Spectral Distribution Solar spectral distribution closely follows the Planks Law of Black Body Radiation Plank’s Law:

SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS Solar flat plate collectors Solar dryers Solar cookers Solar ovens Solar stills Solar ponds SEGS - solar concentrators (parabolic and dish) Solar refrigerators etc.

MOST COMMON APPLICATIONS ARE Solar flat plate collectors for hot water in domestic, hotel and industrial applications. MAIN FEATURES Collector plate - usually cu - selectively coated Firmly bounded water conduits Single or double glassing for green house effect Well insulated encasing Top and bottom water header Water tank well insulated and insulated pipe connections Auxiliary electric heater – if desired Primary and secondary fluids in special cases

Main Features Solar Dryer Solar Collector surface selectively coated or simply painted in a non reflective black coating generally large collector area using low cost polythene or glass Grain storage bins or trays placed in a chamber where grain or food is placed for drying in perforated trays to allow warm air to pass through Tall Chimney to expel humid air ( chimney effect ) Blackened rock bed heat storage (optional)

SOLAR CROP DRYING – FOR BETTER QUALITY GRAIN Clean Well dried Free from pests Reduced grain loss due to excessive breakages Prevents outer crust roasting and provides uniform slow moisture removal BASIC PRINCIPLES Green house effect Mass transfer

SOLAR DISTILLATION / DESALINATION Cheap efficient way of providing distilled or potable water Designs vary from small distilling units to large scale destination pants.

Solar Photovoltaics

Phenomenal Price Reduction of Solar Photovoltaics

Phenomenal growth of installation of Solar Photovoltaics

Mainly Due to massive production of SPV in China

Basic Features of Solar pV  pV systems have no fuel requirement in remote areas diesel or kerosene fuel supplies are erratic and often very expensive. The recurrent costs of operating and maintaining pV systems are small.  pV systems are modular – A solar array is composed of individual pV moduels so each system can be sized to meet the particular demand.

 pV systems can be used to improve quality of life - for example the provision of lighting in a rural school allows evening educational or community activities. Refrigeration at a health centre improves effectiveness of immunization programmes.  pV Systems are highly reliable – the reliability of pV systems are significantly higher that of diesel or any similar generators

 pV Systems are easy to maintain – Operation and routing maintenance requirements are simple.  pV modules have long life – There is little degradation in performance of over 15 yrs.  pV systems provide national economic benefits – Reliance on imported fuel such as coal and oil is reduced.

 pV systems are environmentally begin – There is no harmful pollution through the use of a pV system.  Pv systems are economically viable – On a life cycle cost basis and taking into consideration the higher reliability of PV many small scale applications can be more economically powered by PV than with diesel systems or some other small systems.

Applications of Photovoltaics  RURAL ELECTRIFICATION(EITHER GRID CONNECTED OR OFF GRID)  SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS (SHS)  WATER PUMPING AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS  HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS  COMMUNICATIONS  MID SEA BUOYS  CATHODIC PROTECTION

24 grid ) Solar cell capacity: 3.4kW Wind Power capacity: 1.8kW Inverter capacity: 5kVA Stationary power station (Off grid or mini grid)

25 Stationary power station (Grid connected ) Site:Funafuti Tuvalu Installation:Feb. in 2008 Capacity:40kW Purpose:Grid connected power supply for fuel conservation and CO2 reduction.

Solar array Controller Light Storage battery

27 Roof top of school,community-center building. (For education and emergency power)

28 Roof top of residence ( Grid connected ) Most popular installation style in Japan. (Almost 85% PV in Japan ) Owner can sell excess power to power utility.

29 Distant and independent power supply ( Off grid ) Relay station on top of mountain Advertising sign beside highway

30 Solar Home Systems in remote locations Mountain lodge ( Off grid ) 1.2kW system Inverter and controller

Technical Comparison of off grid energy System

Off Grid Systems – Diesel Generators Advantages  Widespread Operating and maintenance experience  Moderate capital cost  Easy to install  Can be a combined power supply for additional uses Disadvantages  Creates noise and fume pollution  Requires a reliable fuel supply  High running costs  High maint. Costs  Low operating efficiency

Automotive Battery Recharging Advantages  Low capital cost  Easy to install  Batteries locally available Disadvantages  Relies on transportation to charging centres  High charging fees often apply  Short battery life times

Photo – Voltaics  High reliability  Low maintenance requirements  Low running costs  Suited to most locations  Long life expectancy for main components  Involves the introduction of a new and poorly understood technology  High capital cost  Not physically robust so vulnerable to damage  Specialized batteries not widely available

Micro Hydro Systems  Uses simple engineering principles hence widely accepted technology  Locally available skills only required for most applications  Robust machinery used  Most village level and local technicians can do maintenance  Relatively high capital cost  Generation depends on availability of water  Control gear may require sophisticated components  Conflicting water users may hinder total potential unlisation

Solar PV is a very good substitute for Kerosene lighting !