1. UZBEK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES RENEWABLE ENERGY: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTIVE IN UZBEKISTAN Ilkham G.Atabaev, Dr of science in physics and mathematics, deputy-director of Physical-technical institute of Uzbek Science Academy. Mavlanova 2 b str., 700084 Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: lutp@uzsci.net, atvi@uzsci.netlutp@uzsci.net CHINA – UZBEKISTAN - 2004

2. INTRODUCTION 1.It is well known that the increasing of CO 2 in atmosphere leads to global ecological problem. 2. According to evaluations of the World Energy Agency to year 2050 the share of Renewable Energy (RE) should reach ~ 40 % of the total energy balance. In this case only the concentration of CO 2 will stabilized in year 2050 and then it can slowly decrease. 3. During coming 15 years new ecological clean technologies should be created and implemented, financial and law barriers in this field should be removed, RE market should be created.

3. TECHNICAL POTENTIAL OF UZBEKISTAN IN RE Type of renewable energy Potential in equivalent million tons UzbekistanWorld Total potential Technical potential** Total potential Solar energy76459.5265.1131*10 6 Wind energy3.330.642*10 6 Hydraulic energy3.430.397*10 6 Energy of biomass13.82.920.1*10 6 Total76480.0269.05140.1*10 6 Technical potential** is the amount of energy which can be produced by renewable installations today.

4. ADVANCED COUNTRIES. The share of use of renewable energy sources in the advanced countries is 5-7 % from total amount. UZBEKISTAN. Technical potential of renewable energy in 4 times exceeds annual requirement of Uzbekistan for power resources (65-70 equivalent million ton /year).

5. COMPONENTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY OF UZBEKISTAN Technical potential of wind in Uzbekistan is 5 mln.t. (10 % of today’s power resources). Technical potential of irrigation system of Uzbekistan is 12.5 % of today’s power resources. Technical potential of small rivers of Uzbekistan is 3 % of today’s power resources. The technical potential of photovoltaics and water heating systems of Uzbekistan is practically unlimited.

6. PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF RE INSTALLATIONS 1.The very low intensity of solar energy: the flow of solar energy is around 1100 W / m 2. At 10 % efficiency of photocells, from 1 square meter we can get 110 Watt. Ordinary motor or engine ( 50 kW ) have a size of 1  0.5  0.5 meter 3. Solar array with the same power should be have a size of 500 meter 2. Or 50  10 meter 2. 2.Usually the electricity produced by solar array has the price of 2-10 times more than for traditional technology. 3. RE Installations are very expensive and the implementation needs large financial potential. The price of RE Installations per 1 kW is 2-5 times more than for traditional technology.

7. 3. According to evaluation of Switzerland scientists in years 2020-2030 all developing countries will not be capable to solve RE problems without the financial support of advanced countries. ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY Nuclear energy. France – 70 % of electricity produced by nuclear power stations.

8. PRIMARY DIRECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL PROGRAM OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE FIELD OF SOLAR ENERGY 1. Investigations and developing of new progressive technologies on transformation of solar energy. 2. Wide industrial production of water heating solar systems. 3. Production of technical silicon, photoelectric cells and solar arrays for photoenergetics. 4. Production of functional and constructive ceramics on the basis of domestic raw materials and materials synthesized on the Big Solar Furnace. 5. Professional training of experts on development and production of RE Installations. 6. Pilot demonstration projects.

9. WHAT IS NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENTATION OF RE INSTALLATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN 1. Scientists and engineers in RE related area and real experience on the field of RE. 2. The domestic technical potential to produce own REI. 3. Privileges (to producers, importers and consumers) for RE activity. 4. Opportunity to import of REI and ecological clean technologies from abroad.

10. Hybrid wind and photovoltaic system near Charvak city (Uzbekistan)

11. Water heating system produced by ‘Geliokurilishservis’.

12. Systems of solar hot water supply on the roofs of buildings in Tashkent.

13. The field of solar collectors for combined system for hot water supply produced in Tashkent in the framework of TACIS.

14. Stirling engine ( 1 kW ) combined with mirror concentrator (diameter 5 m) Stirling engine developed by Physical Technical Institute. Power : 3 kW (electricity) and 18 kW (hot water).

15. Portable solar source developed by Uzbek scientists.

16. Silicon solar cells produced by diffusion technology.

17. Portable solar sources and illumination systems for consumers remoted from central electricity net.

18. Scientists of ‘Photocells’ laboratory.

19. Big Solar Furnace on the mountain in Parkent city (Tashkent region, Uzbekistan). Very impressive object, one of the largest in the world. Power : 10 6 Watt Diameter of spot : 0.5 m. Temperature: up to 3000 C.

20. Big Solar Furnace has on opposite side 62 geliostats.

21. Ceramic goods produced on the base of materials synthesized on Big Solar Furnace.

22. CONCLUSION  UZBEKISTAN HAS ALL CAPABILITIES TO GET POSITIVE RESULTS IN USE OF RE: 1. Scientists and engineers in RE related area with real experience on the field of RE. 2. The domestic technical potential to produce own REI. 3. RE activity in Uzbekistan have some privileges in taxes and free from custom payments.

23. MAIN FIELDS OF COLLABORATION 1.Investigations and development of new progressive technologies on transformation of solar energy. 2. Development and implementation of water heating solar systems. 3.Development and investigations of photocells, solar arrays etc. 4.Investigation and production of functional and constructive ceramics on the basis of domestic raw materials and materials synthesized on the Big Solar Furnace. 5.Proffesional training of experts on development and production of RE Installations.

24. Some proposals in the field of RE. 1. Development of photovoltaic installations for the consumers removed from a central electrical network and their test in climate conditions of Central Asia. Types of installations: PV sources of electricity (20-500 Watt), emergency systems of illumination, device for charge of accumulators, water pumps and etc. (‘Physics- Sun’ Scientific Association, Tashkent, e-mail: lutp@uzsci.net) 2.Development of process engineering and equipment for production of electrical and thermal energy on the high- temperature solar installations. (‘Physics-Sun’ Scientific Association, Tashkent, e-mail: lutp@uzsci.net)lutp@uzsci.net 3.Development of 5 kW solar/fuel hybrid Stirling engine for the co-production of electricity and heat. (‘Physics-Sun’ Scientific Association, Tashkent, e-mail: lutp@uzsci.net)

25. 4. The solar - fuel electrical station with parabolic cylindrical concentrators and capacity 130 MW as additional source to water pump station "Kizil-tepa". (Institute of Power Engineering and Automatics, Tashkent, e-mail: zakhidov@uzsci.net)zakhidov@uzsci.net 5. Investigation of radiation stability and defect formation in solar cells and arrays. (Institute of Nuclear Physics, Tashkent, e-mail: yuldashev@uzsci.net).