Age of Revolutions

English Civil War English kings wanted to be absolute monarchs Parliament prevented kings from being absolute monarchs (Parliament controlled money) Charles I forced to sign Petition of Right - king cannot raise taxes without Parliament’s consent and king cannot imprison anyone without just cause

English Civil War 1642 – Charles I led troops into Parliament – Civil War 1649 – Charles I executed

Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell ruled England after the execution of Charles I

Restoration Charles II restored the monarchy to England in 1660 (reopened theaters and pubs)

Glorious Revolution James II – too Catholic for England 1688 – Parliament forced James II to flee and invited William and Mary (James II’s daughter) to rule England if they accepted the English Bill of Rights England – limited monarch and a powerful Parliament

French Revolution Causes – influence of Enlightenment ideas + American Revolution Events – Storming of the Bastille + Reign of Terror (executed over 40,000 people with the guillotine) Outcomes – End of absolute monarchy of Louis XVI + Rise of Napoleon

Impact Independence came to French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies in the Americas Touissant L’Ouverture – Haiti’s independence Simon Bolivar – The Liberator (liberated South America)

Impact Colonies such as Bolivia, Haiti, Colombia, and Argentina gained independence in the early 1800’s The Monroe Doctrine established by United States recognized Latin American independence and stated if Europe interfered with them. The United States would consider it an act of war.

Artists, Philosophers, and Writers + New Technologies Bach – Baroque composer Mozart – Classical composer Delacroix – romantic painter Cervantes – novelist New Forms of Art and Literature – paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, and living people (portraits) + novel Technologies – all-weather roads (year round transportation) + new farm tools + improved ship designs

Congress of Vienna – Legacy of Napoleon Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination Napoleonic Code Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

Congress of Vienna – Legacy of Congress of Vienna Balance of Power – no country should dominate Europe Restoration of monarchs – legitimacy New political map – new boundaries New philosophies – conservatives and liberals

Rise of Nationalism National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism Congress of Vienna – led to discontent in Europe (did not include nationalists and liberals)

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 Liberal – change government National – homeland France 1830 – constitutional monarch (liberal revolution) Belgium 1830 – gained independence (national)

Italy Cavour – prime minister of Sardinia (organized unification of Italy) Garibaldi – leader of the Red Shirts + conquered Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Papal States – last to join Italy

Germany Bismarck – prime minister of Prussia (responsible for the unification of Germany) Realpolitiks – do whatever it takes to get and hold power Franco-Prussian War led to the unification of Germany and Italy