© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Thirteen Personality © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Personality Unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions Dog Personality Do canines have character? As this ScienCentral News video reports, according to one psychologist, personality testing is going to the dogs. WILEY VIDEO Dog Personality © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Trait theories © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Early Trait Theorists Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck Trait Relatively stable personal characteristic that can be used to describe someone Factor Analysis Statistical procedure for determining the most basic units or factors in a large array of data; used by Cattell and Eysenck © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Cattell’s 16 Traits © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Five-Factor Model (FFM): Five Basic Personality Traits Five-Factor Model/Big Five Trait theory of personality that includes openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Five-Factor Model (FFM): Five Basic Personality Traits © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluating Trait Theories Three major criticisms Lack of explanation—focus on description rather than causal relationships Stability versus change—unsure which characteristics are more stable or are likely to change Ignoring situational effects—how the person and situation influence one another © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic theories © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Four key concepts Levels of awareness Personality structure Defense mechanisms Psychosexual stages of development © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Freud’s Levels of Awareness © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Freud’s Personality Structure Three Interacting Components Id—the primitive, instinctive part of personality that works on the pleasure principle (seek immediate gratification) Ego—the rational, decision-making part of personality that operates according to the reality principle (delay gratification of the id’s impulses until it is appropriate) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Freud’s Personality Structure Superego—the “conscience” or moral part of personality that incorporates parental and societal standards for morality (guilt if rules are violated) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Freud’s Defense Mechanisms The ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality and self-deception ANIMATION Freud’s Defense Mechanisms © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Defense Mechanisms © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychosexual Stages of Development Five developmental periods during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychosexual Stages of Development © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychosexual Stages of Development © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychosexual Stages of Development © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neo-Freudian/ Psychodynamic Theories Adler’s Individual Psychology We are motivated by our goals in life rather than by unconscious forces. Inferiority complex—feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neo-Freudian/ Psychodynamic Theories Jung’s Analytical Psychology Two forms of the unconscious: Personal unconscious—from individual experiences Collective unconscious—a reservoir of inherited, universal experiences Archetypes—images and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors residing in the collective unconscious © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Jung’s Archetypes © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neo-Freudian/ Psychodynamic Theories Horney’s Blended Psychology Personality is shaped by the child’s relationship to the parents Basic anxiety—feelings of helplessness and insecurity that adults experience because as children they felt alone and isolated in a hostile environment Methods of seeking security: Move toward people Move away from people Move against people © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluating Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluating Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. humanistic theories © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Humanistic Theories Personality and behavior depend on how we perceive and interpret the world People are naturally good Self-actualization—inborn drive to develop all one’s talents and capabilities Two major theorists: Rogers Maslow © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Rogers’s Theory Self-concept All the information and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Rogers’s Theory Unconditional Positive Regard Love and acceptance with no contingencies attached Important for healthy and full development Behavior and value of a person are separate © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluating Humanistic Theories Three Major Criticisms Naïve assumptions—unrealistic view; may contribute to narcissism Poor testability and inadequate evidence—concepts are difficult to operationally define and empirically test Narrowness—describe personality rather than explain it © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social-cognitive theories © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Bandura’s Approach Combines cognition and observation Self-Efficacy A person’s learned expectation of success; affects choices and efforts in reaching goals Reciprocal Determinism Cognitions, behaviors, and the environment interact to produce personality © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Rotter’s Approach Personality/Behavior is determined by: Expectations Reinforcement value of outcomes Internal Locus of Control Own efforts exert primary control Higher achievement Better mental health External Locus of Control Environment and external forces have primary control © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories Strengths Weaknesses Emphasizes person-situation interaction Construction allows for empirical testing Ignores the unconscious Ignores environmental and emotional aspects of personality © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. biological theories © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Major Contributors Brain Damage to the brain can affect personality Neurochemistry Neurotransmitter levels have been correlated with personality traits Genetics Behavioral genetics finds some correlations with some personality traits Shy Brains Some of us would never go up and talk to strangers at a party, while others may prefer to work the room. As this ScienCentral News video reports, psychologists could see the signature of shyness imprinted in the brain, from toddlers to twenty-year-olds. WILEY VIDEO Shy Brains © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multiple Personality Influences © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Yourself © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Personality assessment © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Personality Assessment Today’s methods based on scientific research Used by helping professionals, such as clinical and counseling psychologists and psychiatrists, for diagnosis and assessing treatment outcomes Often use multiple measures © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Methods of Measuring Personality Interviews Structured and unstructured Observations Look for specific behaviors and interactions Objective Tests Standardized questionnaires E.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. MMPI-2 © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Methods of Measuring Personality Projective Techniques Use ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or drawings, which allow the test taker to project his or her unconscious onto the test material Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluating Personality Assessment Interviews and Observations Time-consuming, expensive Subjective Involve unnatural settings Objective Tests Deliberate deception and social desirability bias Diagnostic difficulties Possible cultural bias and inappropriate use © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluating Personality Assessment Projective Tests Time-consuming Less likely to fake responses Unstructured; may allow reluctant topics to come up Subjective Low in reliability and validity © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fallacies and Pseudo-Personality Tests Barnum Effect Readily accept ambiguous, broad statements that fit just about anyone Fallacy of Positive Instances Tend to notice and remember events that confirm our expectations and ignore those that don’t Self-Serving Bias Prefer information that maintains our positive self-image © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

What fallacies are represented here? © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.