Skilled Migration and Brain Drain from Latin America Çağlar Özden DECRG The World Bank The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its Executive Directors and the countries they represent.

Regional Distribution of Immigrants to the USA 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1990s1980s1970s Africa Middle East Eastern Europe Developed Countries Asia Latin America

MIgrantsin the US Labor Force Decade of Arrival - 100, , ,000 2,000,000 2,700,000 Mexico El Salvador Dom. Rep. Guatemala Cuba Jamaica Colombia Haiti Honduras Peru Ecuador Nicaragua Brazil Guyana Trin. & Tob. Venezuela Argentina Panama Chile Costa Rica Bolivia - 100, , ,000 2,000,000 2,700,000 Mexico El Salvador Dom. Rep. Guatemala Cuba Jamaica Colombia Haiti Honduras Peru Ecuador Nicaragua Brazil Guyana Trin. & Tob. Venezuela Argentina Panama Chile Costa Rica Bolivia 1980s 1990s Migrants in the US Labor Force, by Decade of Arrival

Education by Region: Home-educated 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% AfricaAsiaEastern Europe Latin America Middle East Western Europe/ Canada United States less than high-school high-school/some college college graduate

Education by Region: US-educated 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Africa AsiaEastern Europe Latin America Middle East Western Europe/ Canada United States less than high-school high-school/some college college graduate

Migrants in the US Labor Force – 1990s Arrivals

Migrants in the US Labor Force – 1980s Arrivals

Share of Educated Population Living Abroad North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Middle East/North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia South Asia South America Central America Caribbean

Tertiary education at home and among immigrants to the US, 1990s

Percent of College Graduates in the US

Share of College Educated Migrants by Age of Arrival to the US 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% MexicoCentral AmericaCaribbeanAndeanSouth America

Labor Market Performance of Migrants Educated at Home – 1990s Arrival

Percent of College Educated Migrants in Skilled Jobs in %10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90% Kenya China India Russia United Kingdom Guatemala Mexico

Occupation by Region: College Degree at Home 0% 20% 40% 60% AfricaAsiaEastern Europe Latin America Middle East Western Europe/ Canada United States skilledtechnicianunskilled

Predicted Probability of Employment of Female Migrants 1990s Arrival

Labor Market Performance of Female Migrants 1990s Arrival CP21498T