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Policies + Interventions
BRAIN DRAIN Issues Research Policies + Interventions
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Brain Drain Issues Growth + Development + Investment
Role of Human Capital Lost Positive Externalities Key Public Services Medical Services Education + R&D Fiscal Impact Expenditure + Lost tax Revenue
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Brain Drain Issues Are there no benefits? Remittances??
Technology transfer Return + Circular Migration Integration w/ Global Economy Other Diaspora externalities
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Brain Drain Issues Million Dollar Question
Do we have the right to limit migration? Do we have the right to tell people they can not migrate?
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Brain Drain Research Most Comprehensive Database to Date (2005)
Data from 190+ countries 3 Education levels Both 1990 & 2000 New Extensions Place of Education Gender Specific Professions - Medicine
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Share of Educated Population Living Abroad
Brain Drain Share of Educated Population Living Abroad 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Middle East/North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia South Asia South America Central America Caribbean
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Brain Drain Share of Population Living Abroad 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Small Countries (<650K) Median Large (>30M) Total Tertiary educated
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Share of Educated Labor Force Selected Caribbean Countries
Brain Drain Share of Educated Labor Force Selected Caribbean Countries 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% Barbados Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago
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Share of Labor Force Living Abroad, Selected Caribbean Countries
Brain Drain 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Barbados Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago Share of Labor Force Living Abroad, Selected Caribbean Countries Total Tertiary educated
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Brain Drain Share of Educated Labor Force
Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% Gambia Ghana Kenya Madagascar Niger Nigeria Senegal Uganda Zimbabwe
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Brain Drain Share of Labor Force Living Abroad,
Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Gambia Ghana Kenya Madagascar Niger Nigeria Senegal Uganda Zimbabwe Total Tertiary educated
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Brain Drain Migrants from Developing Countries in 2000 (Mil.) 5 10 15 20 25 Australia+Canada Europe USA 20% 41% 57% Others Tertiary
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Migrants to US by Age of Migration, 2000
Brain Drain Migrants to US by Age of Migration, 2000 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Mexico Colombia Haiti El Salvador China Philippines India Poland Egypt Nigeria 0-11 12-17 18-21
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Migrants to France by Age of Migration, 1990
Brain Drain Migrants to France by Age of Migration, 1990 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Morocco Tunisia Cote d'Ivoire Senegal Niger Turkey Poland Albania 0-11 12-17 18-21
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Brain Drain Physicians’ Emigration Rates to OECD Countries
Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Gambia, The Ghana Kenya Madagascar Niger Nigeria Senegal Uganda Zimbabwe
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Brain Drain Physicians' Emigration Rates to OECD Countries
Selected Caribbean Countries 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Barbados Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago
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Percent of College Educated Migrants in Skilled Jobs in 2000
Brain Waste Percent of College Educated Migrants in Skilled Jobs in 2000 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Kenya China India Russia United Kingdom Guatemala Mexico
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Brain Drain Research Brain Gain + Brain Waste
Brain Drain + Small States Brain Drain + Economic Growth Medical Brain Drain + HIV in Africa GHANA HEALTH SYSTEM REFORM
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Brain Drain Policies + Interventions
Do we really have a problem? small + isolated countries Large developing countries Europe + Japan? Fiscal Impact Bhagwati Tax? Turkish Military Service Exemption (if you pay!) Private Education a la the Philippines?
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Brain Drain Policies + Interventions
Educational Reform Private education Mandatory service Restrictions on mobility Services Delivery Reforming labor markets Healthcare services in Africa
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Brain Drain Policies + Interventions
Destination Country Policies Should Britain limit recruitment of nurses from Africa? Mutual Recognition of Diplomas Citizenship Policies Multilateral Policy Coordination Trade in Service – why can’t the patient travel? Temporary migration policies Linkages with goods trade and FDI
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Brain Drain Issues Million Dollar Question
Do we have the right to limit migration? Do we have the right to tell people they can not migrate?
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