WHAT “CATCH” MEANS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT? Sachiko TSUJI (FAO) 30/10-01/11/2012 UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators
30/10-01/11/2012 UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators How “catch” is determined – meaning of catch Detailed definition of catch Indication of “catch” in a context of monitoring “environment” - We cannot see underneath of water – limitation in available information; invisible, less noticeable - Aquatic – terrestrial biological dynamics – no difference in principle
30/10-01/11/2012 UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators Senior Fishery Statistician of FAO Responsible for all Fishery and Aquaculture statistics disseminated from FAO Participated in development of UN SEEA, CBD - aquatic Secretary of Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics (CWP) FAO Statutory global coordinating mechanism - 22 organizations as members Objectives - set up standards, concepts and classifications for fisheries statistics, review information needs, coordination for research and collaboration Personal background – population dynamics
Dynamics on aquatic stocks, fishing activities, catch and environmental impacts. What “catch” means ?
Dynamics of biological stock
Catch diagram # boats; Gear technology; Fishing Days ENSO events; Climate changes impacts, CATCH = [Fishing Effort] * [Fish abundance available to fishing]
Sustainable Yields Stock Abundance Catch Sustainable Yields Fishing Efforts
Catch diagram Urbanization; Water front development; Pollution # boats; Gear technology; Fishing Days ENSO events; Climate changes impacts, CATCH = [Fishing Effort] * [Fish abundance available to fishing]
Dynamics of biological stock
Dynamics of biological stock -- Impacts of habitat destruction
Dynamics of biological stock -- Combination with aquaculture Removal of predators; Fertilizing; Blocking fish moves Release of farmed seeds
30/10-01/11/2012 UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators Multi-species context Single population theories not applicable to multi species context: Too complex for modeling Generally lower suitable harvest point; conflict between over- exploited primary species.vs. under-exploited secondary species “Fished – down” – size change Big fish and commercially high valued fish removed, first Size of fish getting smaller – matured at small size with young age; fish becoming thin > lower productivities “Fished – down” – change in species composition Moving to alternative less preferable species Lowering average trophic level
Small scale.vs. large scale
Identifying measurement and indicators suitable to monitor target events What to measure ?
30/10-01/11/2012 UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators Selection criteria of indicators: Directly measurable, not abstractive concepts: Sensitive and responsive to change in targets: Clear reflective relation to behavior of targets; Cost-effective: Robust and less sensitive to noise: Consistent with public understandings and technical indications: Adequate time-series:
Concept of catch Diagram Fish Encountering Gear GROSS REMOVAL GROSS CATCH RETAINED CATCH LANDINGS Live Escapement Pre-catch Losses Discards: Live / Dead Losses and gains prior to landing (e.g. handlings, processing) Not for landings (dumps, substantial uses) Landing * Conversion factors > NOMINAL CATCH
30/10-01/11/2012 UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators Currently available data and indicators Contribution to food security -- FAO Catch by species and species groups : Retained catch < converted from Landings Trades, disposition by species and species groups Stock assessment / management purpose -- Regional Fishery Management Organizations (RFMOs) Gross removal (including discards), species-specific Stock indicator – e.g. catch taken by unit effort (CPUE) Stock assessment results of species under management Inventories and summary of stocks assessment results – FAO SOFIA / FIRMS; ICES
30/10-01/11/2012 UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators Currently available data and indicators Stocks status as macro-indicators Average trophic level – EU Indicators Gross removal adjusted with effort indicator (quasi-CPUE) – SEEA Bio-diversity – CBD for aquatic (FAO) in pipeline List of aquatic species captured as well as farmed: survey questionnaires in preparation RFMOs – observer data on incidental-catch, discards, of ecologically related species and vulnerable ecosystem species List of Protected Areas
30/10-01/11/2012 UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators UNECE members – data reporting status In general, good data quality and species breakdown; Belarus, Finland, Kazakhstan, FYR Macedonia, Russian; Serbia, Ukraine Recently, struggle in communication: No reporting – Armenia (2005), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007); Georgia (2005, except marine capture in 2010); Turkmenistan (2005); Uzbekistan (2010) Some component systematically not reported: Belgium (inland aquaculture); Moldova (no aquaculture since 2005); Montenegro (aquaculture); Tajikistan (no capture since 2005) Some incomplete or inconsistent among years; Azerbaijan; Kyrgyzstan;
30/10-01/11/2012 UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators Points for consideration: Indicators of human pressure on environments – important: Fishing pressure, small and large scale operations Non-fishery human activity pressure – no indicator available Impacts of human intervention – stocking, landscaping, protected area Clarify the monitoring target: Not possible to monitor biodiversity and human pressure on aquatic environments with one indicator Direct measurement better than indirect indicators – e.g. for pressure on aquatic environment, energy use in fishing Clarify a link with policy decision – interpretation and actual utilization Avoid duplication and build upon available resources: Enhancing overall monitoring capacity Rebuilding historical assessment
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