My Introduction  Name : Kustanto  Address: Perum. Puri Malangjiwan 3. N Colomadu  Highest education: S2 TE UGM  Concentration : Computer Systems Informatics

Final Assessment  Presence = 5%   Midterms= 30%  Final Exams = 35% Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-2

 Delay Tolerance Attend College = 20 Minute  College Syllabus College Syllabus Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-3

Chaper 1. Computer Systems by Kustanto

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-5 Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards Processing: CPU executes the computer program Output: monitor, printer, fax machine Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

6 CPU and Main Memory Central Processing Unit Main Memory Chip that executes program commands Intel Pentium III Sun Sparc Processor Primary storage area for programs and data that are in active use Synonymous with RAM

7 Secondary Memory Devices Floppy Disk Hard Disk Main Memory Central Processing Unit Secondary memory devices provide long-term storage, namely: Information is moved between main memory and secondary memory as needed Hard disksHard disks Floppy disksFloppy disks ZIP disksZIP disks Writable CDsWritable CDs TapesTapes

8 Input / Output Devices Monitor Keyboard Main Memory Central Processing Unit Floppy Disk Hard Disk I/O devices allow user interaction Monitor screen KeyboardMouse Bar code scanner Light pen Touch screen

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-9 Architecture Components  Hardware  Processes data by executing instructions  Provides input and output  Software  Instructions executed by the system  Data  Fundamental representation of facts and observations  Communications  Sharing data and processing among different systems

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-10 Hardware Component  Input/Output devices  Storage Devices  CPU  ALU: arithmetic/logic unit  CU: control unit  Interface unit  Memory  Short-term storage for CPU calculations

11 Memory Main memory is divided into many memory locations (or cells) Each memory cell has a numeric address, which uniquely identifies it

12 Storing Information Large values are stored in consecutive memory locations Each memory cell stores a set number of bits (usually 8 bits, or one byte)

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-13 Typical Personal Computer System

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-14 CPU: Central Processing Unit  ALU: arithmetic/logic unit  Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations  CU: control unit  Controls processing of instructions  Controls movement of data within the CPU  Interface unit  Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware components  Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components

15 The Central Processing Unit  A CPU is also called a microprocessor  It continuously follows the fetch-decode- execute cycle: fetch Retrieve an instruction from main memory decode Determine what the instruction is execute Carry out the instruction

16 The Central Processing Unit (CPU)  The CPU contains: Arithmetic / Logic Unit Registers Control Unit Small storage areas Performs calculations and decisions Coordinates processing steps

17 The Central Processing Unit  The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock  The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals  The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU  The speed is measured in megahertz (MHz)

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-18 Memory  Also known as primary storage, working storage, and RAM (random access memory)  Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)  Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored program concept)

19 Storage Capacity  Every memory device has a storage capacity, indicating the number of bytes it can hold  Capacities are expressed in various units: KB2 10 = 1024 MB2 20 (over 1 million) GB2 30 (over 1 billion) TB2 40 (over 1 trillion) UnitSymbolNumber of Bytes kilobytemegabytegigabyteterabyte

20 Memory  Main memory is volatile - stored information is lost if the electric power is removed  Secondary memory devices are nonvolatile  Main memory and disks are direct access devices - information can be reached directly  The terms direct access and random access are often used interchangeably  A magnetic tape is a sequential access device since its data is arranged in a linear order - you must get by the intervening data in order to access other information

21 RAM vs. ROM  RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access)  ROM - Read-Only Memory  The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable  ROM could be a set of memory chips, or a separate device, such as a CD ROM  Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access devices!  RAM should probably be called Read-Write Memory ROM RAM

22 Monitor  The size of a monitor (17") is measured diagonally, like a television screen  Most monitors these days have multimedia capabilities: text, graphics, video, etc.  A monitor has a certain maximum resolution, indicating the number of picture elements, called pixels, that it can display (such as 1280 by 1024)  High resolution (more pixels) produces sharper pictures

23 Modem  Data transfer devices allow information to be sent and received between computers  Many computers include a modem, which allows information to be moved across a telephone line  A data transfer device has a maximum data transfer rate  A modem, for instance, may have a data transfer rate of 56,000 bits per second (bps)

24 Networks  A network is two or more computers that are connected so that data and resources can be shared  Most computers are connected to some kind of network  Each computer has its own network address, which uniquely identifies it among the others  A file server is a network computer dedicated to storing programs and data that are shared among network users

25 A Computer Specification  Consider the following specification for a personal computer:  600 MHz Pentium III Processor  256 MB RAM  16 GB Hard Disk  24x speed CD ROM Drive  17” Multimedia Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution  56 KB Modem

Interconnection system computer Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-26 CPU

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-27 Software Component  Applications  Operating System  API: application program interface  File management  I/O  Kernel  Memory management  Resource scheduling  Program communication  Security  Network Module

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-28 Communications Component  Hardware  Communication channels  Physical connections between computer systems  Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable, infrared light, radio waves  Interface hardware  Handles communication between the computer and the communication channel  Modem or network interface card (NIC)  Software  Network protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, ATAPI

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-29 Computer Systems All computer systems, consists of the following:  At least one CPU  Memory to hold programs and data  I/O devices  Long-term storage

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-30 Protocols  Common ground rules of communication between computers, I/O devices, and many software programs  Examples  HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers  TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local area networks  ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-31 Standards  Created to ensure universal compatibility of data formats and protocols  May be created by committee or may become a de facto standard through popular use  Examples:  Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript  Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF  Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC  Video standards: VGA, XGA, RGB

Telecommunications System Chapter 5

Telecommunication model  Terminals  office equipment, telephones,...  Telecommunications processors  modems, multiplexers, front-end processors,...  Telecommunications channels and media  copper wires, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, satellites,...  Computers  host computers, network servers,...  Telecommunications control software  telecommunication monitors, network operating systems,... O’Brien 125

Telecommunication Components End-user workstation Telecommunications software Computers Telecom processors Telecom processors Telecom Channels and Media 5 components O’Brien 126

LAN PC-workstation Network Server Port to other networks Shared hard disk Shared printer Databases and Software packages O’Brien

WAN - Internetwork network in US network in Europe Mainframe, hosts Internet network in Australia LAN’s Cisco corporation network

Client/server network Intranet Company A Intranet Company B Mainframe host system Router Internet Firewall text: O’Brien p 178

Client - Server Clients comm. server comm. server DB. server Print server DB. server

The Internetwork-enterprise The Internet Intranets Extranets Client Enterprise Supplier Other Organizations Electronic Commerce text: O’Brien p 180

Media and Channels  Signals  analog  digital  Cables  Twisted-pair interference  Coaxial cable 20x more expensive simultaneous phone calls  Fiber-optic 1 fiber phone calls  Wireless  microwave  satellites  Radio, Infrared, Cellular Radio, Mobile computing  GPS global positioning system MediumTransmission speed Metal wire.0012Mbps - 10 Mbps Microwave.256 Mbps - 100Mbps Fiber optics.5Mbps - 1,000Mbps text: O’Brien p

Communication hardware  Modems bps  Transmission mode  Simplex 1 circuit, 1 direction  Half-duplex 1 circuit, 2 directions, difficult co-ordination  Full duplex 2 circuits, 2 directions  Transmission accurateness  parity bits forward and backward error correction  Processors  multiplexers frequency, time or statistic time distribution  front-end processors to handle routine communication tasks with peripheral equipment text: O’Brien p

Network Topology  Star  all communications go via the central system  Bus  can easily be extended at the ends  Ring  more secure

Star network With direct connections - Efficient, also for high speeds - With a large number of workstations cabling might be a problem O’Brien Point-to-point lines

Star network (multiplexed) Access via multiplexed lines eventually rented - local speed up to 2000 char/sec, 1M char/sec very expensive - internationally 1000 char/sec commonly available

Shared usage of a broadband network - more complex hardware - simpler cabling system Multidrop lines Bus network O’Brien 191

Ring Networks Ring Network - more equal basis O’Brien 147

Public data networks PAD Data Network E.g..: DCS char/sec, cost / volume data ( X25 ) Due to high connection cost ($ year) usage of PAD PAD = Packet Assembler and Disassembler

ISDN - universal network for telephone and data - > 6000 char/sec ISDN Integrated services Digital network

49 | 51 Communication Systems 13 th lecture Chair of Communication Systems Department of Applied Sciences University of Freiburg 2008

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-50 Textbook Overview  Web site:  Part 1 (Chapter 1)  Computer system overview  Part 2 (Chapters 2-5)  Number systems and data formats  Part 3 (Chapters 6-12)  Computer architecture and hardware operation  Part 4 (Chapters 13-18)  Software – operating systems, applications, development environments  Part 5 (Supplementary Chapters 1-3)  Digital logic, addressing modes, and communication channel technology

 Text books (german):  Jochen Schiller, Mobilkommunikation  Bernhard Walke, Mobilfunknetze und ihre Protokolle, Grundlagen GSM, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS),...  Link (see seminar slides and papers):  freiburg.de/download/papers/telsemWS05/ UMTS-nextGeneration/UMTS- Seminararbeit-Stefan%20Nagy.pdf Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-51

 End Of Sessions Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-52