Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint TextEdit Art Slides for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life Exploring Life

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2 Five Properties associated with life Figure Hierarchy Basic unit of life: Emergent properties:

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.14 Classifying life : The Basic Idea Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Mammalia Ursus ameri- canus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Chordata Animalia Eukarya Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species Taxonomy = names and classifies species via a system of broader and broader groups.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.15 Exploring Life’s Three Domains Single-celled prokaryotes. Protists: “Catch-all’ group Uni- and Multi-cellular. Auto- and Hetero-trophs Plantae: Multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes Single-celled prokaryotes. Many are extremophiles.. Fungi: Absorptive heterotrophs. Animalia: Multicellular heterotrophs 0.5 µm 4 µm Check out TolWeb: Tree of Life !TolWeb

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Amazing Diversity and Unity Of Life: How Many Species Are There? There are at least 5 million and perhaps million species on Earth! 6 to 7 million in tropics alone 1.4 million species named and described 260,000 plant species, 50,000 vertebrate species (we’re one of those) 1,200,000 insect species... However, even with all this diversity.....all forms of life show unity in that they are all For example: 5 December 2002: Nature reports the DNA sequence of the Mouse Genome. (Can click on both!) A big finding:

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.16 Another example of unity underlying the diversity of life: the architecture of cilia in eukaryotes Cilia of Paramecium. Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope 15 µm 1.0 µm 5 µm Cilia of human windpipe cells.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.18 Charles Darwin in 1859, the year he published The Origin of Species The Unifying Theory of Biology: "I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term 'Natural Selection'. Scientists accept evolution and natural selection because it is the best supported scientific explanation for the diversity of life! diversity of life Population of organisms Natural hereditary variations Differences in reproductive success Evolution of adaptations in the population Overproduction and limited resources * * Science 23 December 2005: Breakthrough of the YearBreakthrough of the Year

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Science: What is is (and isn’t) 1. Hypothesis–Based Science Questions, and the search for their answers, form the basis of all sciences. Science is limited to questions that can be tested. Hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable. 2. Discovery Science / Information Science Cell theory; Genomics 3. Science and Culture Science is based on the idea that natural phenomena have natural causes that can be discovered.* Science is an ongoing record that builds via peer-reviewed, published evidence, It is always open to revision. Science does not address supernatural phenomena, as there is no scientific way to test such claims. Technology is the application of science to society (Note: Kansas State Board of Education, 15 Nov 2005 re-defined Science,15 Nov 2005 eliminating two words: “Natural Explanations”) 4. Theories are very well-supported by available evidence and widely accepted by scientists (ie: the Cell Theory, Evolutionary Theory) [different from the popular use of the word theory!] Check out a sample publicationsample publication

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Coolest Part of Science? 5. Scientific Theories Change Theories explain the known information of the time, but are are subject to constant evaluation and updating. This is a strength of science, not a weakness! Old ideas must sometimes be given up in light of new evidence. Some examples of theories that have been rejected because they are now better explained by current knowledge: Theory of Spontaneous Generation... Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics.... The Blending Theory... Some examples of theories or phenomena that were initially rejected because they fell outside of the accepted knowledge of the time The sun-centered solar system (Copernicus, 1500s)The sun-centered solar system Warm-bloodedness in dinosaurs (on and off since the 1800s)Warm-bloodedness in dinosaurs The Germ-Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch*, 1870s)The Germ-Theory of Disease Continental Drift (Alfred Wegener, 1920s)Continental Drift Transposons or "jumping genes" (Barbara McClintock*, 1940s)Transposons or "jumping genes" The Endosymbiotic Theory (Lynn Margulis, 1960s)The Endosymbiotic Theory The Catastrophic Collision Theory (formation of the moon 4.5 B years ago)The Catastrophic Collision Theory Helicobacter pylorii infections as the causitive agent of stomach ulcers (Warren and Marshall, 1982)Helicobacter pylorii infections Prions (infectious proteins) as the causitive agents of TSEs like Mad Cow disease (Stanley B. Prusiner*, 1982)Prions (infectious proteins) *Nobel Prize WinnersNobel Prize

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Why is THIS one of the best issues of 2005? 1 July 2005 For more info, see the introduction to the issue: What Don’t we Know?What Don’t we Know?

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 The Major Themes of Biology - read at home! Objectives for Ch 1: after reading Chapter 1, you should be able to: 1.List characteristics that distinguish living organisms from non living objects 2.List the levels of chemical / biological organization from simple to complex, and list a structure found at each level 3.Explain the basic 'steps' of the scientific process 4.Explain the use of the word 'theory' in the scientific process 5.Explain the major themes of biology (Table 1.1)