19 th Century Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp

Topics 19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel 19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Joseph Paxton Joseph Paxton Henry Labrouste Henry Labrouste Gustave Eiffel Gustave Eiffel William LeBaron Jenney William LeBaron Jenney Chicago School Chicago School

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Early applications of iron and steel made their beginnings in architecture with the construction greenhouses to protect plants Early applications of iron and steel made their beginnings in architecture with the construction greenhouses to protect plants Far East specimens brought back to Britain required structures that could create the humid heat of their native countries in the Far East Far East specimens brought back to Britain required structures that could create the humid heat of their native countries in the Far East

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Joseph Paxton (1801 – 1865) Joseph Paxton (1801 – 1865) Landscape gardener by training Landscape gardener by training Revolutionized architecture by with a design that he submitted for a building in Hyde Park, London to house the first modern World’s Fair in 1852 Revolutionized architecture by with a design that he submitted for a building in Hyde Park, London to house the first modern World’s Fair in 1852 Journalists dubbed this structure the Crystal Palace Journalists dubbed this structure the Crystal Palace

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Crystal Palace Crystal Palace Constructed of iron beams and glass Constructed of iron beams and glass Resembled a large greenhouse Resembled a large greenhouse After the exhibition, the structure was dismantled and re-erected in a park at Sydenham After the exhibition, the structure was dismantled and re-erected in a park at Sydenham Was destroyed by fire in 1936 Was destroyed by fire in 1936

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Henry Labrouste (1801 – 1875) Henry Labrouste (1801 – 1875) A French architect A French architect Made strong use of cast iron in his Bibliotheque Ste- Genevieve in 1850 Made strong use of cast iron in his Bibliotheque Ste- Genevieve in 1850 Also designed the Bibliotheque Nationale Also designed the Bibliotheque Nationale

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Bibliotheque Ste- Genevieve Bibliotheque Ste- Genevieve A library located in Paris, France A library located in Paris, France

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Bibliotheque Nationale Bibliotheque Nationale Located in Paris Located in Paris The French National Library The French National Library

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Gustave Eiffel (1832 – 1923) Gustave Eiffel (1832 – 1923) Most famous French designer who used iron in the second half of the 19 th century Most famous French designer who used iron in the second half of the 19 th century Gained his fame from several bridge designs across France Gained his fame from several bridge designs across France Most famous structures Most famous structures Eiffel Tower Eiffel Tower Statue of Liberty Statue of Liberty

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Eiffel Tower, Paris Eiffel Tower, Paris 1010-ft 1010-ft At the time, was the tallest structure in the world At the time, was the tallest structure in the world Erected for the Paris International Exposition in 1889 Erected for the Paris International Exposition in 1889 Remains the largest iron construction in the world Remains the largest iron construction in the world

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Statue of Liberty, New York Statue of Liberty, New York Eiffel designed the iron internal skeleton which supports the copper skin of the statue Eiffel designed the iron internal skeleton which supports the copper skin of the statue Stands 151-ft Stands 151-ft At the time of its construction, the statue had the most advanced diagonally braced frame in the world At the time of its construction, the statue had the most advanced diagonally braced frame in the world

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel William LeBaron Jenney (1832 – 1907) William LeBaron Jenney (1832 – 1907) Generally credited with early development of the skyscraper Generally credited with early development of the skyscraper Home Life Insurance Building in Chicago Home Life Insurance Building in Chicago

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Home Life Insurance Building in Chicago Home Life Insurance Building in Chicago Considered the first skyscraper Considered the first skyscraper Not entirely metal framed Not entirely metal framed The first floor contains sections of masonry bearing wall The first floor contains sections of masonry bearing wall

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Chicago School Chicago School The term generally used to describe the buildings of Chicago from 1875 – 1925 The term generally used to describe the buildings of Chicago from 1875 – 1925 Important structures Important structures The second Rand McNally Building The second Rand McNally Building Monadnock Building Monadnock Building Reliance Building Reliance Building

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel The second Rand McNally Building The second Rand McNally Building Designed by Daniel H. Burnham (1846 – 1912) and John Welborn Root (1850 – 1891) Designed by Daniel H. Burnham (1846 – 1912) and John Welborn Root (1850 – 1891) Had all the elements of the modern skyscraper Had all the elements of the modern skyscraper Steel frame Steel frame

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Monadnock Building Monadnock Building Designed by Daniel H. Burnham (1846 – 1912) and John Welborn Root (1850 – 1891) Designed by Daniel H. Burnham (1846 – 1912) and John Welborn Root (1850 – 1891) Internal iron frame provided lateral bracing through riveted girder-column connections Internal iron frame provided lateral bracing through riveted girder-column connections

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel Reliance Building Reliance Building 1894 – – 1895 Features Features Decorative terra-cotta cladding Decorative terra-cotta cladding Repeats the same exterior elevation from the third floor to the attic Repeats the same exterior elevation from the third floor to the attic

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

19 th Century: Applications of Iron Steel

References Sullivan, Mary; Sullivan, Mary; Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western Architecture Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western Architecture

19 th Century Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp