1. THE MODERN ENVIRONMENT: FASCINATION WITH TECHNOLOGY

2. Search for rationality in architecture (Perrault, Laugier) Enlightenment Moderns Search for meaning in architecture (Boulee, Ledoux) Ancients (Blondel)

3. HOW IS ARCHITECTURE CHANGED BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

4. ARCHITECTURAL RESULTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Traditional materials were worked in a less profitable way and less easily distributed New materials (cast iron, glass, concrete) offered new possibilities Building sites used better equipment and machinery New specialized schools provided larger numbers of specially trained professionals Printing and new methods of graphic reproduction made new contributions readily available

5. Iron Bridge, Thomas Farnolls Pritchard and Abraham Darby II, 1775 This is where iron ore was first smelted by Abraham Darby using easily mined "coking coal« to produce superior quality iron. 26 meters.

6. Pont des Arts, Louis-Alexandre Cessart, 1803 First metal bridge in Paris. 155 m.

7. Menai Bridge, Thomas Telford, 1826 The first suspension bridge. 176 m.

8. John Augustus Roebling, “Brooklyn Bridge,” New York, USA, 1870-1883. 486m

9. Brooklyn Bridge under construction

10. Lewis Cubitt (civil engineer), “King’s Cross Train Station,” London, ENGLAND, 1851

11. George Gilbert Scott, St. Pancras Train Station (front), London, UK, 1873

12. William Henry Barlow, “St. Pancras Train Station” (back), London, UK, 1868 renovated by Norman Foster & Partners in 2007

14. François Hennebique, Monolithic [Steel] Reinforced Concrete Joint, 1892 This system used the continuity of concrete structures very successfully. The steel reinforcement follows the maximum bending moments from the bottom of the beam mid-span to the top of the beam over the supports. The column is rigidly connected to the beams and slab, so no bracing is necessary.

15. Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814-79) Rational Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to the 16th Century, 1854

16. Viollet Le Duc, “Ideal Gothic Church,” 1854 Viollet Le Duc, Narbonne Gate reconstruction, 1846

17. Viollet Le Duc, “Design for a Concert Hall to Seat 3,000 People,” 1865 Expressing Gothic principles in modern materials: brick, stone and cast iron.

18. Viollet Le Duc, “Design for a Market Hall,“ 1865

19. Viollet Le Duc, “Design for a Great Hall,“ 1865

20. WORLD EXHIBITIONS 1851: London, UK1897: Brussels, BELGIUM 1855: Paris, FRANCE1900: Paris, FRANCE 1862: London, UK1901: Buffalo, USA 1867: Paris, FRANCE1904: St. Louis, USA 1873: Vienna, AUSTRIA1905: Liège, BELGIUM 1876: Philadelphia, USA1906: Milan, ITALY 1878: Paris, FRANCE1907: Dublin, IRELAND 1879: Sydney, AUSTRALIA1909: Seattle, USA 1884: New Orleans, USA1910: Brussels, BELGIUM 1888: Barcelona, SPAIN1911: Turin, ITALY 1889: Paris, FRANCE1913: Ghent, BELGIUM 1893: Chicago, USA1915: San Francisco, USA

21. THE CRYSTAL PALACE Competition requirements: Temporary (capable of rapid construction and dismantling) Economical use of materials and labor Simple in arrangement Illuminated entirely from the roof Built of fire resistant materials Single-storey. Paxton's Innovations: The first large, free-standing cast-iron frame building The first building with glass “curtain” walls The first building to use a system of bracing to counteract lateral forces of the wind The first large building to be made from pre-fabricated modular units

22. Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations,” London, UK, 1851

23. Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK

24. Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, 1851

25. Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK

26. “The Crystal Palace” under construction

27. Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK opening ceremonies with Queen Victoria

28. Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK interior views

30. Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK exhibited objects: machines, textiles, furniture, musical instruments, traditional crafts, etc.

31. “The Universal Exposition,” Paris, FRANCE, 1889

34. Gustave Eiffel, Tower for the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition (“The Eiffel Tower”) Caricature of Gustave Eiffel in the form of the Eiffel Tower by Edward Linley Sambourne (Punch Magazine, vol. 96, p. 32, June 29, 1889).

35. “The Eiffel Tower”

36. “The Eiffel Tower” under construction

37. “The Hall of Machines” at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

40. “The Exotic Exhibition” at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

42. Dancers from Java “The Exotic Exhibition” at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889 A theater group from Vietnam

43. Dancers and Musicians from the Egyptian Coffee House “The Exotic Exhibition” at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

44. The Algerian ExhibitThe Senegal Exhibit

45. The two faces of the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

46. At the end of this lecture you are expected to have learnt: 1. The general scope of the Industrial Revolution 2. Changes in architecture in the age of Industrial revolution a. Architectural theory (structural rationalism) b. Architectural practice i. New building types ii. The tension between structure and «style» iii. Colonial encounters

47. WHAT ARE THE KEYWORDS TO DESCRIBE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?