Policy Proposals for Migration and Development The World Bank 24 April 2007

Gaining from Migration: Policy Proposals for a New Labour Mobility System, September 2007 Migration and Development: Should They Stay or Should They Go?, October 2007 Migration at the OECD Development Centre

Gaining from Migration: Key Outputs –Migration, employment, growth –Challenges for integration –Diaspora networks –Migration and development Evaluative reviews: what do we know about… Policy Briefs: synthesising policy lessons regarding… Final Report (proposals for managing a new mobility system)

 Sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, Central Europe  Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova  Ghana, Mali  Morocco, Turkey  Ecuador  India Regional and Country Case Studies

Key Messages: Policy Innovations 1.Look at migration policies through a development lens 2.Integrate international migration into development strategies 3.Overhaul the organisation of migration management 4.Make policies more coherent for more effective management

The Migration Life Cycle Phase Labour supplyProductivityRemittancesGrowthPoverty Reduction Exit -- 0/-0/- 0/ - - Adjustment 0/ - ? 0/+ 0/ - Consolidation Networking 0 +0/++ + Return + ? - ?? Migration’s Effect on Growth and Poverty Reduction Source: OECD (2007)

(1) Look at migration policies through a development lens

Percent of Tertiary Educated Population in OECD Countries Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004

Less-educated migrants don’t come from the poorest countries Source: Data from OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004; WDI; authors’ analysis.

Mobility of the low-skilled: greater poverty reduction? The low skilled are more likely to be poor themselves Labour-market effect: creates vacancy Remittances sent by the low-skilled: –Benefit poorer households and regions –Insurance value, more valuable to the poor Low-skilled remit more

Europe attracts fewer highly educated migrants Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004

Smart visa policies for legal migration and development Proliferation of temporary employment schemes: joint management in 57 out of 92 countries. Limitations of specific duration guest worker programmes Multiple entry visas: device to ease return and circularity. Continuous and active monitoring of contracting arrangements. Pre-departure training and language courses.

Reported Remittances Sent per Migrant (2000) Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and UN Trends in Migrant Stock.

Remittances: how to expand benefits? Remittances not a substitute for development assistance. Lower the cost of transfers: a priority for EU Member States. Provide improved access and innovative financial instruments. Codéveloppement: involve migrants and their associations

(2) Integrate international migration into development strategies

Integrating International Migration into Development Strategies For sending countries: integrate migration into  macroeconomic,  human resource management,  higher education,  infrastructure and  “South-South” policy initiatives

Major developing country diasporas in the EU Foreign-born or foreign (*) populations Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2006.

Enabling Diasporas Social and economic integration –Knowledge of job opportunities –Accessing social services Vectors of trade and investment –Transnational networks create trade opportunities –Preference for home-produced goods Development co-operation –Engage diasporas networks to facilitate return migrants –Migrant networks to foster “virtual return” –Co-development projects

(3) Overhaul the organisation of migration management

Overhauling the Organisation of Migration Management National level: inter-ministerial initiatives to promote co-ordination of development and migration policies Supra-national level: stronger systematic consultations …

Migration management: Decision making in the EU JHA Council (27 EU interior ministers) General Affairs Council (27 EU foreign ministers) SCIFA (Interior/justice reps) High-Level Working Group on Asylum and Immigration (Interior/justice reps) Asylum Frontiers & False Documents CIREFIVisa Coreper II (Commitee of Permanent Representatives of the member states) Migration & Expulsion Working parties

(4) Make policies more coherent for more effective management

Complementarity of flows Cogneau and Lambert (2006)

Policy coherence: what role for aid? Aid cannot really slow migration …but it can serve as a catalyst to: –diffuse the benefits of migration –facilitate adjustment Aid channelled to investments in infrastructure can facilitate domestic labour market integration. Aid channelled to capacity building can mitigate the negative impact of the brain drain.

Policy coherence: what role for trade policies? EU and OECD trade policies have a significant impact on living standards and income in low income countries and hence affect migration patterns. More coherence is needed between EU and OECD trade and migration policies. The international community needs to consider the scope of GATS Mode 4 to encompass low- skilled workers.

Effective partnerships  Partnerships: a vehicle for maximising gains and minimising risks of international migration?  OECD countries commit themselves to rethinking migration policies conducive to development, and development assistance for capacity building  Sending countries commit themselves to mainstream migration and remittances into national development strategies

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