Cells and Tissues

Plasma Membrane Selective permeability Fluid-mosaic model Important features: Phospholipid bilayer Membrane proteins Glycolipids / Glycoproteins Microvilli

Tissue Types 1.Epithelial - covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts 2.Connective - protects and supports body functions in various ways 3.Muscular - generates movement force 4.Nervous - detects changes and responds 1.Epithelial - covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts 2.Connective - protects and supports body functions in various ways 3.Muscular - generates movement force 4.Nervous - detects changes and responds

Primary Germ Layers  Ectoderm - Epithelial and Nervous  Mesoderm - Epithelial, Connective and most Muscle  Endoderm - Epithelial  Ectoderm - Epithelial and Nervous  Mesoderm - Epithelial, Connective and most Muscle  Endoderm - Epithelial

Epithelial Tissue  Cells closely packed in sheets  Apical (free) and basal surfaces (basement membrane)  Avascular  High rate of cell division  Two types:  Covering and lining epithelium  Glandular epithelium  Cells closely packed in sheets  Apical (free) and basal surfaces (basement membrane)  Avascular  High rate of cell division  Two types:  Covering and lining epithelium  Glandular epithelium

Covering and Lining Epithelium

Simple Squamous  Filtration, diffusion, secretion  Endothelium of heart and vessels  Alveoli  Serous membranes  Filtration, diffusion, secretion  Endothelium of heart and vessels  Alveoli  Serous membranes

Simple Cuboidal  Secretion and absorption  Some glands and ducts  Secretion and absorption  Some glands and ducts

Simple Columnar  Goblet cells  Nonciliated  Microvilli  GI tract, ducts of glands  Ciliated  Upper resp., uterus and fallopian tubes, central canal of spinal  Goblet cells  Nonciliated  Microvilli  GI tract, ducts of glands  Ciliated  Upper resp., uterus and fallopian tubes, central canal of spinal

Pseudostratified Columnar  Nuclei at different levels, not all cells reach apical  Secretion and movement of mucus  Ex. Upper respiratory passages  Nuclei at different levels, not all cells reach apical  Secretion and movement of mucus  Ex. Upper respiratory passages

Stratified Squamous  Protection  Skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina, tongue  Protection  Skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina, tongue

Stratified Cuboidal  Secretion and absorption  Ducts of sweat and esophageal glands  Secretion and absorption  Ducts of sweat and esophageal glands

Stratified Columnar  Protection and secretion  Urethra, large excretory ducts  Protection and secretion  Urethra, large excretory ducts

Transitional  Distension  Urinary bladder, some of ureters and urethra  Distension  Urinary bladder, some of ureters and urethra

Glandular Epithelium  Gland  Single or multicelled  Endocrine - secrete hormones into interstitial fluid and then blood (ex. Thyroid, pituitary)  Exocrine - secrete via ducts (ex. Sweat, salivary)  Some are both! (Pancreas, testes, ovaries)  Gland  Single or multicelled  Endocrine - secrete hormones into interstitial fluid and then blood (ex. Thyroid, pituitary)  Exocrine - secrete via ducts (ex. Sweat, salivary)  Some are both! (Pancreas, testes, ovaries)

Connective Tissue  Various functions  Living cells in nonliving extracellular matrix  Cells secrete matrix  Usually highly vascular (except cartilage)  Various functions  Living cells in nonliving extracellular matrix  Cells secrete matrix  Usually highly vascular (except cartilage)

Extracellular Matrix  Ground Substance  Medium between cells and fibers  Water and large organic molecules  Fibers  Collagen - most areas but especially bone, cart., tendons, and ligaments  Elastic - skin, vessels, lungs  Reticular - stroma of organs, basement membrane  Ground Substance  Medium between cells and fibers  Water and large organic molecules  Fibers  Collagen - most areas but especially bone, cart., tendons, and ligaments  Elastic - skin, vessels, lungs  Reticular - stroma of organs, basement membrane

Loose Connective: Areolar  Subcutaneous layer, lamina propria  Strength, support  Subcutaneous layer, lamina propria  Strength, support

Loose: Adipose  Subcutaneous, joint padding, heart and kidney capsules, yellow marrow  Energy reserve, support and protection, reduce heat loss  Adipocytes  Subcutaneous, joint padding, heart and kidney capsules, yellow marrow  Energy reserve, support and protection, reduce heat loss  Adipocytes

Dense Regular  Tendons and most ligaments  Attachment  Tendons and most ligaments  Attachment

Dense Elastic  Lungs, arteries, resp. passages  Stretching  Lungs, arteries, resp. passages  Stretching

Cartilage  Collagen and elastic fibers in gel-like matrix  Chondrocytes in lacunae  Perichondrium  Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage  Collagen and elastic fibers in gel-like matrix  Chondrocytes in lacunae  Perichondrium  Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

Hyaline Cartilage  Ends of long bones, nose, resp.passages embryonic and fetal skeleton  Flexibility and support  Ends of long bones, nose, resp.passages embryonic and fetal skeleton  Flexibility and support

Fibrocartilage  Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee  Support and fusion  Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee  Support and fusion

Elastic Cartilage  Epiglottis, auricles, auditory tubes  Support and shape  Epiglottis, auricles, auditory tubes  Support and shape

Compact Bone  Support, protection, storage, blood formation, levers for movement  Osteocytes  Support, protection, storage, blood formation, levers for movement  Osteocytes

Blood  Transport  Immunity  Clotting  Fluid matrix (Plasma)  Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes  Transport  Immunity  Clotting  Fluid matrix (Plasma)  Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Nervous Tissue  Conducts electrical signals  Neurons and neuroglia  Conducts electrical signals  Neurons and neuroglia

Skeletal Muscle  Voluntary contraction  Multinucleated  Striated  Cells = Fibers  Voluntary contraction  Multinucleated  Striated  Cells = Fibers

Smooth Muscle  Involuntary contraction  Nonstriated  Spindle-shaped cells  GI Tract, blood vessels, etc.  Involuntary contraction  Nonstriated  Spindle-shaped cells  GI Tract, blood vessels, etc.

Cardiac Muscle  Involuntary contraction  Striated  Branching cells w/ intercalated discs  Heart (Myocardium)  Involuntary contraction  Striated  Branching cells w/ intercalated discs  Heart (Myocardium)