____________________________ Raster GIS & Modeling (32-630-01) GIS Site Suitability Analysis for developing a vineyard in Sonoma County, CA ____________________________ David Jaquet Raster GIS & Modeling (32-630-01) Fall 2005

Motivation Sonoma County is one of the two best producing wine regions of the north central coast of California. I am interested in visualizing the criteria matrix needed for correctly choosing a potential land development for a vineyard, I may want to develop a vineyard in the future.

Sonoma County, CA wine regions (Appellations) Study Area Sonoma County, CA wine regions (Appellations)

Research Objectives This GIS suitability model analyzes potential suitable land for creating a vineyard in Sonoma County, CA. The model has both descriptive and prescriptive components as it describes various suitability criteria themes within Sonoma County and uses these criteria themes in a matrix to prescribe where a vineyard should be developed to be successful.

Methodology The physiographic criteria were chosen from a variety of web sources. These criteria can determine optimal land parcel characteristics for developing a successful vineyard. Dataset Primary Derived Criteria Primary Raster Analysis Parameters Regional 30m 7.5' x 7.5' DEM 1:24,000 dataset Sonoma County Slope 5% ≤ Slope ≤ 35%; reclass 1 category Sonoma County Aspect 112° ≤ Aspect ≤ 337°; reclass Sonoma County Elevation 0 m ≤ Elevation ≤ 800 m; reclass California Counties dataset Sonoma county Select Sonoma Co., make new layer California Land use dataset Sonoma County agriculture land Select all agriculture land in Sonoma County California Hydrography dataset Sonoma County hydro features Select hydro features in Sonoma County; reclass 1 category Distance buffer from hydro source Raster Dist. buffer 0-100 m bad fit, 100+ m good fit; reclass with 2 categories Sonoma County soils dataset Soil constituents suitable for vineyards in Sonoma County Chemicals/organic constituents suitable for vineyards in Sonoma County Existing vineyards survey (1997) Vineyards surveyed in 1997 in Sonoma County Feature to raster; reclass to 1 category.

Flowchart 1 Continue to flowchart 2 Overlay For elevation For Slope Re-project To Geographic Coordinate System Spatial Reference: NAD_1983_UTM_Zone_10N Datum: D_North_American_1983 Re-project to Geographic Coordinate System: Vector Lattices (d38123, d38122) Define Geographic Coordinate System: Raster Grids (d38123, d38122) Select/Query/make new layer Sonoma county Raster to feature CA Landuse features Select/Query/make new layer of Land use features within Sonoma County feature layer Sonoma Co Land use Features Continue to flowchart 2 Mosaic rasters d38123 and d38122 to a new combined DEM Overlay Regional DEM Sonoma County DEM For elevation For Slope For Aspect CA Hydro features (Lakes) Sonoma County feature raster Sonoma Co stream features Feature to raster CA Landuse (mgmtscape_vt) dataset (raster) Regional 30m 7.5' x 7.5' DEM 1:24,000 dataset California counties (feature) CA Hydrography-rivers/sreams (features) Re-projected Dataset Select/query streams within Sonoma Co. CA Hydrography- lakes (features) lakes within Sonoma Co. Sonoma Co Lakes features

Flowchart 2 Land suitable for developing a successful vineyard ! 0-100 m Calculate Slope Grid (Raster) Slope Grid Calculate 5≤[slope]≤35 Sonoma Co DEM Calculate Aspect Grid DEM Aspect Grid “Good Aspect” “Good Topo” Grid Land suitable for developing a successful vineyard ! (Raster) Feature to raster Stream Reclass grid 1 cat Sonoma Co stream features Create Buffer: Max distance 1000m Reclass Buffer distance 2 categories 100-1000m Hydro buffered “Good Slope” Calculate elevatin 0≤[DEM]≤800 Elevation Grid “Good Elevation” Sonoma Co Landuse features Select/Query Agriculture landuse Sonoma Co Agriculture land features Grid – 2 categories 0-100m ‘bad fit’ and 100m+ ‘good fit’ Sonoma Co lakes features Overlay Hydro Select/Query vineyard suitable soils “Good Soil” Feature “Good Soil” raster Lake Grid Sonoma Co Soils features “Aggie land” raster “Good surface” raster Land suitability for vineyard development within 100m+ buffer zone ‘good fit’ 112≤[Aspect]≤337 Flowchart 2

Flowchart 3 - Test Vector Final Analysis Raster Final Analysis Existing Vineyards (1997) features Existing Vineyards (1997) raster Overlay Result: 23854 of Land suitability for vineyard development patches out of 80612 or 29.5% overlapped with Existingnvineyards (1997) – raster Feature to raster Raster to feature Select by location all Potential land for vineyard development – features that are crossed by the outline of Existing vineyards (1997) – features Potential land suitable for developing a successful vineyard ! feature successful vineyard ! (Raster) (Raster) Select by attribute Suitable values Value 1 New layer of suitable features Result: 771 Potential land for vineyard development – features out of 2640 or 29.2% were crossed by the outline of Existing vineyards (1997) – features Select by location all Existing vineyards (1997) – features that are crossed by the outline of Potential land for vineyard development – features Result: 1078 Existing vineyards (1997) – features out of 3036 or 35.5% were crossed by the outline of Potential land for vineyard development – features.

Sonoma County, CA Elevation for Vineyards

Sonoma County, CA Slope and Aspect for Vineyards

Buffer zones from water source and surface to identify potential land

Potential suitable land for Vineyard development

Test of final output data w/existing dataset

Data Sources California Spatial Information Library - Regional 30m 7.5' x 7.5' DEM 1:24,000 dataset - California Hydrography dataset - California counties dataset The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection's Fire and Resource Assessment Program (FRAP) - California Landuse dataset USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) Soil Data Mart - Sonoma County, CA Soils dataset The Russian River Interactive Information System - Existing Sonoma County vineyards survey (1997)

Analysis Results Feature to raster Convert Existing vineyards (1997) -features dataset to a raster: Existing vineyards (1997) - raster Overlay Land suitability for vineyard development with Existing vineyards (1997) – raster [Land suitability for vineyard development] & [Existing vineyards (1997) – raster] Result: 23854 of Land suitability for vineyard development patches out of 80612 or 29.5% overlapped with Existing vineyards (1997) – raster. I also did a vector analysis out of curiosity: Raster to features Convert Land suitability for vineyard development to polygon features: Land suitability for vineyard development – feature yielded (1 - suitable, 0 -unsuitable) Select by attributes all Land suitability for vineyard development – feature that are suitable (have a value of one) Make new layer of selected features: Potential land for vineyard development – feature Select by location all Potential land for vineyard development – features that are crossed by the outline of Existing vineyards (1997) – features Result: 771 Potential land for vineyard development – features out of 2640 or 29.2% were crossed by the outline of Existing vineyards (1997) – features Select by location all Existing vineyards (1997) – features that are crossed by the outline of Potential land for vineyard development – features Result: 1078 Existing vineyards (1997) – features out of 3036 or 35.5% were crossed by the outline of Potential land for vineyard development – features.

Challenges Difficulties I encountered during the modeling process (and glad I learned!) were how to define and re-project geographic coordinate systems for consistent map analysis between datasets, having to figure out how to combine two DEMs by performing a mosaic. Also a challenge at times was carefully implementing map algebra statements in the raster calculator. An extra space or layer name dash in a conditional statement would yield errors, and outputs with no values. Though I conclude that my model did not pass the validation test when compared to the existing vineyards dataset with the resulting percentages above, this was a great learning experience, from searching for datasets to using map algebra.

Limitation of model Future Improvements I do not have expert knowledge in the viticulture field. Upon searching for data I came across companies whose professional services are focused on using GIS for developing vineyards with soil scientists on staff for conducting private soil surveys, and also viticulture scientists for cutting edge wine growing techniques and technologies. It is a well developed industry. Coming across current data is difficult, for example land use data, and I can also imagine that more vineyards have been developed since 1997. Certain datasets are not available or are for purchase, such as climatic data for regional wind data and regional temperatures. Future Improvements Conduct interviews with vineyard developers for more criteria parameters and maybe more current datasets. Research on using geostatistical techniques to obtain more precise results and maybe obtain more relevant results.