The Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter 3 Biological Bases of Behavior Students will explore the structure and function of the nervous system in human and non-human animals and describe the interaction between biological factors and experience. Students will also describe and discuss methods and issues related to biological advances.

Nervous Tissue: The Basic Hardware NEURONS receive information receive dendrites transmit information transmit information along axon integrate information integrate information through synapse GLIA support neurons support neurons nourish remove waste products provide insulation account for 50% of brain’s volume account for 50% of brain’s volume P.11 Identify the parts of the neuron and describe the basic process of neural transmission

Neuron Diagram P.11 Identify the parts of the neuron and describe the basic process of neural transmission

Neuron Parts Soma Soma Cell body Cell body Contains nucleus Contains nucleus Myelin Sheath Myelin Sheath Provides insulation Speeds up transmission of information Terminal Buttons Terminal Buttons Found at the ends of axons Secrete neurotransmitters P.11 Identify the parts of the neuron and describe the basic process of neural transmission

Neurotransmitters and Behavior Acetylcholine muscle movement muscle movement contributes to attention, arousal and memory contributes to attention, arousal and memoryMonoamines Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin control voluntary movements control voluntary movements abnormal levels contribute to psychological disorders abnormal levels contribute to psychological disorders GABA responsible for inhibition in central nervous system responsible for inhibition in central nervous system regulates anxiety and modulates sleep regulates anxiety and modulates sleep Endorphins contributes to modulation of pain contributes to modulation of pain P.16 Describe how hormones affect behavior and mental processes.

The Nervous Systems

The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System responsible for voluntary movement responsible for voluntary movement carry information in skin, muscles, joints to CNS and from CNS to muscles carry information in skin, muscles, joints to CNS and from CNS to muscles Autonomic Nervous System controls automatic, involuntary functions controls automatic, involuntary functions mediates physiological arousal (emotions) mediates physiological arousal (emotions) Fight-or- flight response Fight-or- flight response P.10 Identify the major divisions and subdivisions of the human nervous system

Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Fight-or-Flight response Fight-or-Flight response mobilizes body’s resources for emergencies mobilizes body’s resources for emergencies Slows digestion, drains blood from periphery Slows digestion, drains blood from periphery releases hormones (adrenaline) releases hormones (adrenaline)Parasympathetic Rest and Renew Rest and Renew restores bodily resources slow HR, reduce BP allows the body to save and store energy P.10 Identify the major divisions and subdivisions of the human nervous system

Central Nervous System Brain and spinal cord Brain and spinal cord lies within the skull and spinal column lies within the skull and spinal column Protected by cerebrospinal fluid Protected by cerebrospinal fluid P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.

The Spinal Cord connects brain to body connects brain to body carries brain’s commands to PNS carries brain’s commands to PNS relays sensations relays sensations transmits signals from brain to motor neurons (ACh) to move body’s muscles transmits signals from brain to motor neurons (ACh) to move body’s muscles P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.

The Brain P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.

The Hindbrain Medulla attached to spinal cord attached to spinal cord controls vital unconscious functions controls vital unconscious functions circulating blood, breathing circulating blood, breathing Pons clusters of cell bodies controlling sleep and arousal clusters of cell bodies controlling sleep and arousal bridge of fibers connecting brainstem to cerebellum bridge of fibers connecting brainstem to cerebellum coordination of movement and sense of equilibrium P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.

The Midbrain lies between the hindbrain and forebrain lies between the hindbrain and forebrain integrates sensory processes integrates sensory processes hearing + vision hearing + vision reticular formation contributes to muscle reflexes, pain perception, and sleep/arousal reticular formation contributes to muscle reflexes, pain perception, and sleep/arousal P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.

The Forebrain Thalamus composed of somas composed of somas relays all sensory information except smell relays all sensory information except smell Hypothalamus controls autonomic nervous system controls autonomic nervous system regulates basic biological drives regulates basic biological drives Limbic system regulates emotion, memory and motivation regulates emotion, memory and motivation hippocampus = memory hippocampus = memory amygdala = aggression amygdala = aggression Cerebrum responsible for complex mental activities responsible for complex mental activities learning, thinking, remembering P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.

The Cerebrum Occipital lobe back of the head back of the head primary visual cortex receives and processes visual information primary visual cortex receives and processes visual information Parietal Lobe forward of occipital lobe forward of occipital lobe primary somatosensory cortex registers sense of touch primary somatosensory cortex registers sense of touch Temporal Lobe below parietal lobe below parietal lobe primary auditory cortex devoted to auditory processing primary auditory cortex devoted to auditory processing Frontal Lobe largest lobe at front largest lobe at front primary motor cortex controls muscle movement primary motor cortex controls muscle movement P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.

Right Brain/Left Brain: Cerebral Laterality Chapter 3 P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system. P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions P.22 Describe advances made in neuroscience and discuss issues related to scientific advances in neuroscience.

Right Hemisphere Nonverbal processing Nonverbal processing spatial, musical, visual recognition tasks Intuitive Intuitive follow “gut feeling” Thoughtful Thoughtful sense others feelings Imaginative Imaginative creating images P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions

Left Hemisphere Verbal processing Verbal processing language, speech, reading, writing language, speech, reading, writing Logical Logical decisions based on facts decisions based on facts Analytical Analytical follow fine details follow fine details Memory Memory processing symbols processing symbols P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions

Split Brain Research P.21 Identify tools used to study the nervous system Study of patients with severed corpus callosum. Study of patients with severed corpus callosum. Transcranial magnetic stimulation Transcranial magnetic stimulation Involves sending messages to only one side of the brain. Involves sending messages to only one side of the brain. Demonstrates right and left brain specialization Demonstrates right and left brain specialization

Split Brain Research P.22 Describe advances made in neuroscience and discuss issues related to scientific advances in neuroscience

Bisecting the Brain Each hemisphere’s primary connections are to the opposite side of the body Each hemisphere’s primary connections are to the opposite side of the body L hemisphere = R hand L hemisphere = R hand R hemisphere = L hand R hemisphere = L hand Both eyes and ears deliver information to both hemispheres Both eyes and ears deliver information to both hemispheres Auditory input stronger/ more immediate for opposite hemisphere Auditory input stronger/ more immediate for opposite hemisphere P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions

Split Brain Simulation Partnerships JesusSavanna JacksonAngela ChristianDelaney HunterSarah Williams DeshunJasmine JibriAlexandria BenSearra BrettNate Hooper SamAutumn AnthonySara Stephens WestonSarah Holcomb 1. Sit next to your partner 2. Outside arms should go behind your back. 3. Arms closest to your partner should cross each other. 4. Work together to complete the tasks I call out. P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions.

Can you determine whether the left or right hemisphere of the brain is dominant? Procedure 1. Think about two of your friends or family members. 2. Compare them in terms of the areas they seem to be most adept at Ex: mathematics, logical thinking, musical ability, art, speech, etc. Ex: mathematics, logical thinking, musical ability, art, speech, etc. 3. Record your observations in a two column chart include 8-10 for each person include 8-10 for each personAnalysis 1. Based on your observations, which hemisphere seems to be dominant in each individual? Why?

Ticket out the Door 1. Name a specialty for the left hemisphere of the brain. 2. What is split brain research? 3. Which hemisphere controls the right side of the body?

Handedness the hand that performs faster or more precisely on manual tasks the hand that performs faster or more precisely on manual tasks the hand that one prefers to use, regardless of performance the hand that one prefers to use, regardless of performance handedness is typically opposite from the specialized hemisphere handedness is typically opposite from the specialized hemisphere majority of left-handers also seem to have a left-hemispheric brain specialization majority of left-handers also seem to have a left-hemispheric brain specialization P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions.

Problem Solving Tasks Males rely heavily on left brain rely heavily on left brain solve problems step by step solve problems step by stepFemales greater access to right brain greater access to right brain focus on more than one problem at a time focus on more than one problem at a time

The Endocrine System Unit 2 Chapter 3 P.15 Describe how the endocrine glands are linked to the nervous system.

Endocrine System: Another Way to Communicate consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream that help control bodily functions consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream that help control bodily functions digestion digestion blood pressure regulation blood pressure regulation pulsatile- released several times/day in brief bursts or pulses that last only minutes pulsatile- released several times/day in brief bursts or pulses that last only minutes P.15 Describe how the endocrine glands are linked to the nervous system.