Types of Mutations The power of the BASE!!. A MUTATION is a change in the DNA 1) Chromosomal Mutations – affect MANY genes ex. Down syndrome 2) ***Gene.

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Presentation transcript:

Types of Mutations The power of the BASE!!

A MUTATION is a change in the DNA 1) Chromosomal Mutations – affect MANY genes ex. Down syndrome 2) ***Gene mutations- affect a SINGLE gene – smaller effect

i.Frameshift Mutations 1.Insertion – a new base is ADDED to a codon INSERT A “G”  ex. AUG UAC GGU AUG GUAC GGU 2. Deletion – a base is REMOVED from a codon REMOVE THE “U”  ex. AUG UAC GGU AUG AC GGU

Huntington Disease: Caused by an Insertion Mutation. You die young (40s or 50s) but you don’t normally know you have it until after you have passed it on to your children.

Cystic Fibrosis is a disease sometimes caused by a deletion of a single T base. The hallmark symptoms of cystic fibrosis are salty tasting accumulation of thick, sticky mucous, frequent lung infections, coughing, shortness of breath. Inherited (Recessive Trait)

1. Missense- a NEW amino acid is coded for Ex. UUU is Phenylalanine Ex. UUA is Leucine ii. Point Mutation (base substitution) one base is EXCHANGED for another

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single base substitution!!! The “sickle” shaped red blood cells don’t carry oxygen as well.

Examples of disease caused by SILENT mutations….???? 2. Silent – no CHANGE in the amino acid sequence Ex. CCC is Proline Ex. CCG is Proline

3. Nonsense- A STOP codon before gene is done being translated (Stop codons are UAA, UAG, UGA) Ex. UGG is Tryptophan but UGA is STOP !

Duchenne’s Muscular dystrophy can be caused by a nonsense mutation. Look how much shorter the protein is. The disease causes muscle weakness. It usually leads to death by the mid 30s because muscles used to breathe also get weaker.