1. DNA JOBS REVIEW

2. Replicate THIS! ATCGGGGGTACTTT TAGCCCCCATGAAA ATCGGGGGTACTTT Replicated Opposite Side Replicated Same Side

3. TRANSCRIBE THIS ATCGGGGGTACTTT UAGCCCCCAUGAAA

4. DNA RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid Single strandedDouble-stranded A:U A:T Made of a sugar, phosphate, and base C:G Gets transcribed Gets translated

5. DNA RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid Single strandedDouble-stranded A:U A:T Made of a sugar, phosphate, and base C:G Gets transcribedGets translated

6. B. The mRNA is translated into amino acid sequence. E. The cell receives a signal to express a gene. G. In the nucleus the double helix of DNA is opened up D. DNA is transcribed into mRNA. A. mRNA is processed and then leaves the nucleus. F. mRNA goes into the cytoplasm to the ribosome. C. Amino acids combine to form proteins Put these steps of transcription and translation in order…..

7. B. The mRNA is translated into amino acid sequence. E. The cell receives a signal to express a gene. G. In the nucleus the double helix of DNA is opened up D. DNA is transcribed into mRNA. A. mRNA is processed and then leaves the nucleus. F. mRNA goes into the cytoplasm to the ribosome. C. Amino acids combine to form proteins Put these steps of transcription and translation in order…..

8. ___ _____ protein TRANSCRIPTIO TRANSLATION Could you fill this blank flow chart in?? (Probable test question!!) DNA Replication TRANSLATION mRNA TRANSCRIPTION

9. DNA mRNA protein TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION Occurs in nucleus Occurs in cytoplasm at ribosome

10. Review: Transcription and Translation Write the Completed Paragraph The process of transcription and translation follows this path. The cell receives a signal to express a gene. In the ___, the double helix of___ is opened up. DNA is ____ into mRNA. mRNA has the base __instead of thymine. mRNA is processed and then leaves the nucleus. mRNA goes into the____ to the ___. The mRNA is__ into a(n) __sequence. These are the building blocks of _____. Word Bank A.Cytoplasm B.Transcribed C.Nucleus D.Translated E.Ribosome F.Uracil G.Completed Proteins H.DNA I.Amino Acid

11. Review: Transcription and Translation Write the Completed Paragraph The process of transcription and translation follows this path. The cell receives a signal to express a gene. In the C, the double helix of H is opened up. DNA is B into mRNA. mRNA has the base F instead of thymine. mRNA is processed and then leaves the nucleus. mRNA goes into the A to the E. The mRNA is D into a(n) I sequence. These are the building blocks of G. Word Bank A.Cytoplasm B.Transcribed C.Nucleus D.Translated E.Ribosome F.Uracil G.Completed Protein H.DNA I.Amino Acid

12. Gene Mutation Notes

13. A MUTATION is a change in the DNA 1) Chromosomal Mutations – affect MANY genes ex. ie - Down syndrome 2) ***Gene mutations- affect a SINGLE gene – smaller effect

14. I.Frameshift Mutations 1.Insertion – a new base is ADDED to a codon INSERT A “G”  ex. AUG UAC GGU AUG GUAC GGU 2. Deletion – a base is REMOVED from a codon REMOVE THE “U”  ex. AUG UAC GGU AUG AC GGU

15. Huntington Disease: Caused by an Insertion Mutation. You die young (40s or 50s) but you don’t normally know you have it until after you have passed it on to your children. Neurodegenerative disease.

16. Cystic Fibrosis is a disease sometimes caused by a deletion of a single T base. The hallmark symptoms of cystic fibrosis are salty tasting accumulation of thick, sticky mucous, frequent lung infections, coughing, shortness of breath. Inherited (Recessive Trait)

17. 1. Missense- a NEW amino acid is coded for Ex. UUU is Phenylalanine Ex. UUA is Leucine ii. Point Mutation (base substitution) one base is EXCHANGED for another

18. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single base substitution!!! The “sickle” shaped red blood cells don’t carry oxygen as well.

19. Examples of disease caused by SILENT mutations….???? 2. Silent – no CHANGE in the amino acid sequence Ex. CCC is Proline Ex. CCG is Proline

20. 3. Nonsense- A STOP codon before gene is done being translated (Stop codons are UAA, UAG, UGA) Ex. UGG is Tryptophan but UGA is STOP !

21. Duchenne’s Muscular dystrophy can be caused by a nonsense mutation. Look how much shorter the protein is. The disease causes muscle weakness. It usually leads to death by the mid 30s because muscles used to breathe also get weaker.

22. Types of Reproduction Notes

23. Notes: Types of Reproduction ***Key Idea: Genetic information is passed from parents to offspring through CHROMOSOMES. Remember that chromosomes are DNA and PROTEIN. We have to get the chromosomes from the parent cell to the new cells that are being produced.

24. In ASEXUAL reproduction, ONE organism divides in two and makes an EXACT COPY of itself. This is essentially MITOSIS. Ex. Budding in yeast Ex. Amoebas Pros : NO ENERGY used to get together with another organism. Cons  : Only ONE parent contributes genes.

27. Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis In SEXUAL reproduction, TWO organisms must come together to create an offspring that is genetically DIFFERENT than either parent. Pros : Genes from BOTH parents contribute to offspring. Cons  : Must USE ENERGY to get together with another organism.

28. To reproduce sexually, the organisms must first form “gametes.” Cells of the body have two copies of sets of chromosomes. Gametes only have one set. Why? DIPLOID cells have two sets of chromosomes. We represent this as 2n. HAPLOID cells have one set of chromosomes. We represent this as n.

29. Haploid Diploid

30. In humans, the MALE gamete is the SPERM. The FEMALE gamete is the EGG. The sperm swims up the female reproductive tract and FERTILIZES the egg. The egg and sperm together is called a ZYGOTE The ZYGOTE then divides by MITOSIS to form a multicellular (many-celled) organism. Mitosis is just plan old cell division.

31. The process of forming a gamete is called MEIOSIS. Steps of Meiosis 1)Replication 2)Pairing up of homologous chromosomes. 3)First division 4)Second division

32. MitosisMeiosis Cell divides once. You get two cells identical to the original. Each have two copies of each chromosome Two cell divisions. You get four cells that are genetically different than the original cell. Each have one copy of each chromosome.

33. 2) Pairing up of homologous chromosomes. o HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES are both sets of chromosomes. o Ex. Both copies of chromosome 12 o ***Genetic material is exchanged or shuffled between the homologous chromosomes in a process called CROSSING OVER. This produces the NEW combinations of traits that were not seen in either parent.

34. Homologous Chromosomes

35. Homologous Chromosomes Crossing Over!

36. 3) First division- Result is two haploid cells with replicated chromosomes.

37. 4) Second division- Result is 4 haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes. (Result is the egg or sperm).

38. Mitosis (asexual) Meiosis (sexual) # of divisions # of cells produced sets of chromosomes in cells produced type of cells it occurs in homologous chromosomes pair up? genetic variety of offspring increased 1 2 24 2n n all cells reproductive tissues only NOyes NO YES

39. Mitosis Here are the two chromosome #5s in a 2n (diploid cell). Replication occurs. Each chromosome is copied to prepare for division. Homologous chromosomes DO NOT pair. All chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell “single file.” The cell division occurs. The replicated chromosomes are separated. The product is 2 cells that are diploid (2n). This is exactly what we started with.

40. Meiosis Here is one set of chromosomes. For example, the two sets of chromosome #5. We call the two sets “homologous chromosomes.” This is a diploid (2n) cell. Replication occurs. Each chromosome is copied to prepare for division. The first division and crossing over occurs. Homologous chromosomes separate. We now have haploid (n) cells with replicated chromosomes. We now have 4 haploid (n) cells with unreplicated chromosomes. The second division occurs and the replicated chromosomes separate.

41. Meiosis Mitosis REPLICATION 2n diploid cell Chromosomes line up single file in middle of cell. Homologous chromosomes pair and line up “two by two.” Crossing over occurs to increase genetic variety. FIRST DIVISION Haploid (n) cells with replicated chromosomes. SECOND DIVISION DIVISION 4 haploid (n) cells with unreplicated chromososo mes