2. Mutations

3. Gene Mutations Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene May only involve a single nucleotide May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.

4. Types of Gene Mutations Include: –Point Mutations –Substitutions –Insertions –Deletions –Frameshift

5. Point Mutation Change of a single nucleotide Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene

6. AP Biology When do mutations affect the next generation? Mutations Point mutations  single base change  base-pair substitution silent mutation  no amino acid change  redundancy in code Missense mutation  change amino acid Nonsense mutation  change to stop codon

7. AP Biology Point mutation leads to Sickle cell anemia What kind of mutation? Missense!

8. Point Mutation Sickle Cell disease is the result of one nucleotide substitution Occurs in the hemoglobin gene

9. AP Biology Sickle cell anemia Primarily Africans  recessive inheritance pattern  strikes 1 out of 400 African Americans hydrophilic amino acid hydrophobic amino acid

10. Frameshift Mutation Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence Proteins built incorrectly

11. AP Biology Mutations Frameshift  shift in the reading frame changes everything “downstream”  insertions adding base(s)  deletions losing base(s) Where would this mutation cause the most change: beginning or end of gene?

12. Frameshift Mutation Original: –The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift (“a” added): – The fat caa tet hew eer at.

13. Amino Acid Sequence Changed

14. Gene Mutation Animation

15. AP Biology Deletion leads to Cystic fibrosis loss of one amino acid delta F508 Cystic fibrosis is a disease passed down through families that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body.

16. AP Biology Hemophilia Individuals blood does not clot normally.