PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER

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Presentation transcript:

PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT Life started in water. The earth is about 72% covered with water. Living organisms are >70% water. All living organisms spend their early life stages in water or moist environments.

EARTH’S WATER Oceans 97.2 % Ice Caps and Glaciers 2.15 % Atmosphere 0.001 % Rivers and Lakes 0.009 % Inland Seas 0.008 % Groundwater 0.625 %

EARTH’S WATER

EARTH’S WATER

WATER PHASES

FRESH WATER DENSITY

CHEM BASICS

WATER’S CHEMISTRY

WATER AS AN ACID

DISSOLVING WATER DISSOLVING INTERACTIVE PROPERTIES OF WATER ANIMATION

HOW DOES IT GET THERE

THE WATER CYCLE

HOW DOES WATER CHANGE Heat Capacity: heat needed to change the temperature of a substance Water has higher heat capacity than: All solids All liquids, except liquid ammonia Latent Heat: heat needed to phase change Water has the highest of all substances FUSION: Freezing, Melting VAPORIZATION: Evaporating, Condensing

SALINITY Salinity = total amount of solid material dissolved in water Can be determined by measuring water conductivity Typically expressed in parts per thousand (‰)

salinity Average seawater salinity = 35‰ Main constituents of ocean salinity: Chloride (Cl–) Sodium (Na+) Sulfate (SO42–) Magnesium (Mg2+)

Salinity variations Location/type Salinity Normal open ocean 33-38‰ Baltic Sea 10‰ (brackish) Red Sea 42‰ (hypersaline) Great Salt Lake 280‰ Dead Sea 330‰ Tap water 0.8‰ or less Premium bottled water 0.3‰

salinity What mass of dissolved salts would be present in a sample of seawater that has a salinity of 30 ‰? What percentage of dissolved salts would be present in water that has a salinity of 40‰? A 1000g sample of ocean water contains 35g of dissolved solids. Magnesium makes up 7.7% of the 35g of dissolved solids. How many grams of magnesium are in the 1000g sample of ocean water?

SALINITY practice work

Ocean buffering Ocean pH = 8.1 (slightly basic) Buffering protects the ocean from experiencing large pH changes

Seawater salinity Processes that decrease seawater salinity: Precipitation Runoff Icebergs melting Sea ice melting Processes that increase seawater salinity: Sea ice forming Evaporation

Hydrologic cycle

Surface salinity variation Pattern of surface salinity: Lowest in high latitudes Highest in the tropics Dips at the Equator Surface processes help explain pattern

Global surface salinity

Salinity and depth Curves for high and low latitudes begin at different surface salinities Halocline = layer of rapidly changing salinity At depth, salinity is uniform

Seawater density Factors affecting seawater density: Temperature ↑, Density ↓ (inverse relationship) Salinity ↑, Density ↑ Pressure ↑, Density ↑ Temperature has the greatest influence on surface seawater density

Sea surface temperatures

Deep water temperatures

D and t with depth

Changing seasonal thermoclines at mid latitudes

desalination

Reverse osmosis

desalination

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