Neutrino Astronomy at the South Pole David Boersma UW Madison Lake Louise Winter Institute Chicago, 23 February 2006

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute IceCube Collaboration IceCube Collaboration Universität Wuppertal, Germany MPI Heidelberg Uppsala university, Sweden Stockholm university, Sweden Imperial College, London, UK Oxford university, UK Utrecht University, Netherlands Universität Wuppertal, Germany MPI Heidelberg Uppsala university, Sweden Stockholm university, Sweden Imperial College, London, UK Oxford university, UK Utrecht University, Netherlands Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Université de Gent, Belgium Université de Mons-Hainaut, Belgium Universität Mainz, Germany Humboldt Universität, Germany DESY-Zeuthen, Germany Universität Dortmund, Germany Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Université de Gent, Belgium Université de Mons-Hainaut, Belgium Universität Mainz, Germany Humboldt Universität, Germany DESY-Zeuthen, Germany Universität Dortmund, Germany Alabama University, USA University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA Bartol Research Institute, Delaware, USA Pennsylvania State University, USA UC Berkeley, USA UC Irvine, USA Clark-Atlanta University, USA University of Maryland, USA IAS, Princeton, USA University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA University of Wisconsin, River Falls, USA LBNL, Berkeley, USA University of Kansas, USA Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, USA Alabama University, USA University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA Bartol Research Institute, Delaware, USA Pennsylvania State University, USA UC Berkeley, USA UC Irvine, USA Clark-Atlanta University, USA University of Maryland, USA IAS, Princeton, USA University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA University of Wisconsin, River Falls, USA LBNL, Berkeley, USA University of Kansas, USA Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, USA USA (14) Europe (15) Japan New Zealand ANTARCTICA Chiba University, Japan University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Chiba University, Japan University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Population: Austral Summer: ~240 people Austral Winter: ~60 people South Pole Dome Summer camp AMANDA road to work 1500 m 2000 m [not to scale] IceCube ANTARTICA

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Cosmic Ray Spectrum ?

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute High Energy neutrinos Neglecting  absorption (uncertain)    Targets: p or ambient  Beam-dump model:  0   -astronomy  ±  -astronomy Berezinsky et al, 1985 Gaisser, Stanev, 1985

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Neutrino Detection μ νμνμ νμνμ μ XX’ W Angle(ν μ,μ) ≈ 1° (at E=1TeV) Detected energy deposit by muon gives lower limit for energy of neutrino

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Neutrino Detection ν e,τ NX W e,τ ν μ,e,τ NX Z

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute 20068AMANDA AMANDA-II (2000 – 200x) 677 OMs on 19 strings677 OMs on 19 strings 200m, 500m tallØ 200m, 500m tall Trigger rate 80 HzTrigger rate 80 Hz Since 2003: TWRSince 2003: TWR AMANDA-B10 ( ) 302 OMs on 10 strings Ø 120m, 500m tall DAQ: TDC/ADC (surface) AMANDA-A (1996)

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute AMANDA research topics Steady sources of neutrinos Steady sources of neutrinos Point sources (e.g. AGNs) Point sources (e.g. AGNs) Diffuse flux (with muons) Diffuse flux (with muons) Diffuse flux (with cascades) Diffuse flux (with cascades) Atmosphere (cosmic rays) Atmosphere (cosmic rays) Gravitationally trapped WIMPs Gravitationally trapped WIMPs Exotics: e.g. magnetic monopoles Exotics: e.g. magnetic monopoles Search for sources with time variability Search for sources with time variability GRBs GRBs Supernova explosions Supernova explosions Flarers from e.g. AGNs, magnetars Flarers from e.g. AGNs, magnetars

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Point source search Combined data from (livetime 807 days) 3329 (upward going) neutrino events Highest excess: 3.4 sigma (chance probability: 92%) Crab nebula: 10 events, =5.4 (chance probability with 33 source candidates: 64%)

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Atmospheric Muons & Neutrinos E deposited N ch Get E ν and E μ through unfolding

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute WIMPs from the Sun  ν l χ + χ → ν + ν (+…)

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Limits on muon flux from Earth center Limits on muon flux from Sun WIMP search in AMANDA Submitted for publication Published in Astrpart. Phys. Disfavored by direct search (CDMS II)

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Let’s build a bigger one: IceCube In-Ice Array: Number of strings:80 (9) Optical Sensors:4800 (540) Depth: m Instr. Volume:0.9 km 3 Angular Resolution:0.6° Surface Array (IceTop): 160 (32) tanks (2 per in-ice string) 2 DOMs per tank Total 320 DOMs (64) Construction: (status February 2006)

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute main board LED flasher board PMT base 25 cm PMT 33 cm Benthosphere

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute High Energy muons E μ = 6 PeV

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Contained High Energy Shower E = 375 TeV

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute High Energy Tau (double bang) E ≈ 10 PeV

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Ice is a quiet detection medium (compare: expected ~60kHz per OM in ANTARES)

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute First IceTop-IceCube coincidence event

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Conclusions & Outlook AMANDA showed the feasibility of High Energy Neutrino astronomy with ice as the detection medium. AMANDA showed the feasibility of High Energy Neutrino astronomy with ice as the detection medium. IceCube will be the coolest neutrino telescope on Earth. IceCube will be the coolest neutrino telescope on Earth. Maybe extended with acoustic detectors (extension to EHE) Maybe extended with acoustic detectors (extension to EHE)

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute Extra Material Specs AMANDA (resolution etc.) Specs AMANDA (resolution etc.) IceTop IceTop GRB GRB Deployment Deployment Flasher Flasher

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute time recorded on OM AMANDA-II μ tracks pointing error :1.5º - 2.5º σ[log 10 (E μ /TeV)]: coverage:2π Cascades (particle showers) pointing error:30º - 40º σ[log 10 (E c /TeV)]: coverage:4π cosmic rays (+SPASE) combined pointing err : < 0.5º σ[log 10 (E p /TeV)]: Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 524, 169 (2004) energy deposited in OM

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute IceTop

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute , 10:08: Reached maximum depth of 2517 m 28.1, 7:00: preparations for string installation start 9:15: Started installation of the first DOM 22:36: last DOM installed 12 min/DOM 22:48: Start drop 29.1, 1:31: String secured at depth of :40: First communication to DOM IceCube’s First String: January 28, 2005

23 February 2006David Lake Louise Winter Institute All 60 DOMs