© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION DAVIDSON DELAY HEYRMAN LYTLE STOFF Chapter 13: The Old South

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preview “In the decades before the Civil War, the rural South depended on the export of staple crops like rice, tobacco, sugar, and cotton—and the slave labor used to produce them.” “In the decades before the Civil War, the rural South depended on the export of staple crops like rice, tobacco, sugar, and cotton—and the slave labor used to produce them.” 2

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Highlights The Social Structure of the Cotton Kingdom The Social Structure of the Cotton Kingdom Class Structure of the White South Class Structure of the White South The Peculiar Institution The Peculiar Institution Slave Culture Slave Culture Southern Society and the Defense of Slavery Southern Society and the Defense of Slavery 3

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 1

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Diverse South 5 Distinct Regions and Lifestyles 15 states Tidewater Costal Plain Gulf Coast Black Belt Deep South Unified through Agriculture that was dependant on climate and growing season Slavery as key to economy and affected all class structure

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Social Structure of the Cotton Kingdom The Boom Country Economy The Boom Country Economy –Post war of 1812, Indian removal, Treaty of Greenville, Cotton pushes westward, 1810s-1850s –Southern prosperity by 1860 producing 3/4 of worlds cotton –Wealth inequality & profits earned from migration –Single-crop agriculture exhausted the soil, disease the people, only good was low population density The Upper South’s New Orientation The Upper South’s New Orientation –Interstate slave trade w/ shift to corn and wheat –Upper South to Lower South 6

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cotton and Other Crops of the South 7

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Rural South The Rural South –Lack of manufacturing 84% of pop farmers. –9% of nations manufactured goods –Absence of cities: only 1 out of 10 people lived in urban areas, high illiteracy rates 20% vs. 0.4 in North 8

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Distribution of Slavery 1820 Mo. Compromise results in peculiar institution Centered in the Deep South Most slaves (90 %) worked in agriculture Slavery as a Labor System A profitable institution for slave owners 60% profit Supported the aristocratic values of planters

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. HOMEWORK

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 2

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Southern Population,

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Class Structure of the White South Total Population Total Population –15 States populated w/ 12 million persons  2/3 white 1/3 slave, 2% free African Americans The Slave owners The Slave owners –25% of 8 million whites owned slaves (1860) –1:30 planters: Typical plantation: slaves –Planters controlled 90% of wealth and 1/2 of slaves Tidewater and Frontier Tidewater and Frontier –Tidewater: Eastern Seaboard, slavery and wealth were more established OLD SOUTH MYTH –Frontier: the interior, slavery and wealth were newer and less pomp 13

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Master at Home The Master at Home –Paternalism: belief in caring for slaves as one’s children –Everyone on plantation (white and black) was the master’s dependent The Plantation Mistress The Plantation Mistress –Domestic duties –Some women identified with slaves –The social problem of miscegenation hypocrisy of sexual double standards 14

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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Yeoman Farmers Yeoman Farmers –Half of southern white population –80% were landowners raised corn and hogs –Limited economic opportunity –Surprising absence of class conflict with planters because of racism and fear Poor whites Poor whites –5% of white population –Most illiterate and malnourished –Hated African Americans more than planters –Often bought out by planters 16

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved Read Answer Questions 1-3 On back select a quote from text illustrate the scene and write the quote below

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 3

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Peculiar Institution Slaves were not own masters Slaves were not own masters Economic and Caste system based on race Economic and Caste system based on race Work and Discipline Work and Discipline –Hierarchy of slave workers: house servants, drivers, artisans, field hands –Long work days – 15 hours per day –Gang System vs. Task System –Usually had Sundays off Slave Maintenance Slave Maintenance –Planters provided basic clothing & shelter –Life expectancy 8 years shorter than whites 19

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Resistance Resistance –Many slave revolts in Latin America, but only a few in United States –Gabriel Prosser (1800) Betrayed and executed –Denmark Vesey (1822) executed –Nat Turner (1831) most famous killed 57 whites and put down –Day-to-day resistance was more common –Hidden emotions “Slaves learned to outwit their masters by wearing an ‘impenetrable mask’ around whites, one bondsman recalled. ‘How much of joy, of sorrow, of misery and anguish have they hidden from their tormentors.’” 20

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slave Culture The Slave Family The Slave Family –Nearly half of slave couples faced breakup from being sold in interstate slave trade –Family ties, both nuclear and extended, remained strong –Clear gender roles –Existence of premarital sex but monogamy expected 21

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slave Songs and Stories Slave Songs and Stories –Work songs in the field and in the quarter –Folktales continued African traditions Steal Away to Jesus Steal Away to Jesus –Slaves formed their own form of Christianity –Slave preachers –Prevalence of spirituals –God would redeem the poor and downtrodden and raise them one day to honor and glory 22

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Slave Community The Slave Community –Defined hierarchy in slave quarters –Importance of skin color Free Black Southerners Free Black Southerners –260,000 of 4 million black Southerners were free –85% lived in the Upper South –Tried to develop close connections with influential whites –Some owned slaves 23

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Southern Society and the Defense of Slavery The Virginia Debate of 1832 The Virginia Debate of 1832 –William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator –Nat Turner’s insurrection –South under attack and some Virginians advocated abolitionism –Legislature argued bitterly over ending slavery –Voted to refuse consideration of legislation banning slavery –Slavery argued by John Calhoun to be a “positive good” 24

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Proslavery Argument The Proslavery Argument –Religious justification: slaves were the descendants of Canaan –Social and racial justification: Africans were inferior –James Henry Hammond—famous proslavery writer Closing Ranks Closing Ranks –Jacksonian Democrats w/ large sotuhern support defended slavery Sections and the Nation Sections and the Nation –North and South still unified in spite of social and economic differences 25

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved Rewrite in your own words the events described in a 1 side essay on loose leaf. Then answer questions 1-3

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 4

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slavery and the Making of America Seeds of Destruction Movie sheet List 20 new pieces of information presented in the movie

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.