NATIONALISM becomes a victim of sectionalism (giving loyalty to a state or region rather than to the nation), thus giving rise to states’ rights issues. I.Patterns of economic development A. North- Factory system, protective tariffs, trade, strong banking system, favored immigration, extensive canal system and a growing railroad system.

B.South- agricultural system based on cotton, less government interference, opposed to immigration, opposed to a national bank, few canals and less railroad tracks. cotton, less government interference, opposed to immigration, opposed to a national bank, few canals and less railroad tracks. C. West- Federal Protection, transportation, in favor of immigration.

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850  California statehood.  Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.  Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:  Personal liberty laws  California statehood.  Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.  Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:  Personal liberty laws

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850: 1.California will enter as a free state. 2.Other states in the South West territories would be determined by “popular sovereignty” (Voters in territory will decide if state enters as free or slave. 3.The Slave Trade will be abolished in the District of Columbia (Washington D.C.), however slavery still exists in D.C. 4.The Fugitive Slave Act is passed which required by federal law, the return of runaway slaves.

Compromise of 1850

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

“Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians)

“The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congressman Preston Brooks (D-SC) Preston Brooks (D-SC)

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854  Northern Whigs.  Northern Democrats.  Free-Soilers.  Know-Nothings.  Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.  Northern Whigs.  Northern Democrats.  Free-Soilers.  Know-Nothings.  Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

1856 Election Results

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property, not citizens and therefore, Dred Scott was not entitled to use the courts. The significance of this court case was that it caused the expansion of slavery into new United States territories. It also increased tension in the United States over the slavery debate.

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand. A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine Popular Sovereignty?

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol building by John Steuart Curry (20 c )

1860 Presidential Election √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers].  Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers].  Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election Results 1860 Election Results

Election of 1860

Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY) Introduced a plan to reorganize slavery into territories south of 36 ° 30’ N. Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY) Introduced a plan to reorganize slavery into territories south of 36 ° 30’ N.

Secession!: SC  Dec. 20, 1860

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861