Networking Fundamentals Copper Core Cable as Network Media

Signals Medium: Copper

Frequency - repeating event per unit time Hz or Hertz – cycles per second, unit of frequency Attenuation - A gradual loss of any kind through a medium by time/distance Interference - the combination of two or more electromagnetic waveforms to form a resultant wave Latency - a measure of time delay experienced in a system Analog and Digital Signals

Data Transmission Medium Copper

Bandwidth – two definitions 1.width of the range (or band) of frequencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium (usually in hertz, hz) 2.data transfer rate (usually in bits per second, bps) Baseband - a single unmultiplexed signal Broadband - multiple signals and traffic types Data Transmission

Simplex – one way Duplex – two way Full-Duplex – all the time Half Duplex – one at a time Data Transmission

Signal Encoding, Digitization Frequency Shift Keying - FSK Amplitude Shift Keying - ASK Phase Shift Keying - PSK QPSK QAM64

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Important Electronic Terms Medium Copper

Direct Current the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries. Alternating Current the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction. Electronic Terms

Resistance (DC) the opposition to the passage of an electric current (DC) through that conductor. Impedance (AC) the opposition that a circuit presents to a current (AC) when a voltage is applied. Electronic Terms

Reflected Loss the loss of signal power resulting from the reflection caused at a discontinuity. Crosstalk phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel. Electronic Terms

Induction a redistribution of electrical charge in an object, caused by the influence of nearby charges. Decibel A unit used to express relative difference in power or intensity, usually between two acoustic or electric signals, equal to ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the two levels Electronic Terms

Crosstalk Near-End Far-End Equal Level Far-End Alien Crosstalk

Copper Core Cables Medium Copper

Coaxial Cable Twisted Pair Copper Core Cables

IEEE Ethernet Medium Copper

IEEE Network Standard – Internetworking – Logical Link Control – Ethernet over copper cabling – Wireless –

Classifications 10BaseT10 MbpsBasebandTwisted Pair (Cat5) 100BaseTX 100 MbpsBasebandTwisted Pair (Cat5) 1000BaseT 1000 MbpsBasebandTwisted Pair (Cat5e) 10GBaseT 10 GbpsBasebandTwisted Pair (Cat6) Media Access CSMA/CD carrier sense multiple access with collision detection Wiring and Connections 568A 568B RJ-45 Connector Straight-Through (Patch) Crossover Auto-MDIX – Automatic Medium-Dependent Interface Crossover IEEE Standard (1000+pages)

IEEE Medium Copper

802.5Token Ring MAU – Multiple Access Unit IEEE Standard

Wiring Faults Medium Copper

Short – Bad connection Open – Break in connection Ground – Connects to Earth Reversed – Reversed Pair Crossed – Crossed pair Split Pairs – Split Pair Wiring Faults

Etc. Medium Copper

Etc

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