RICHARD MK ADANU UNIVERSITY OF GHANA MEDICAL SCHOOL MEDICAL RESEARCH
What is research? The search for knowledge or any systematic investigation to establish facts
Basic research Research that is carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles. Usually has no direct or immediate commercial benefits Serves as the basis for many commercial products Generates new ideas, principles and theories
Applied research Research that is aimed at discovering, interpreting and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters
Other terminology Observational research Interventional research
Reasons for doing research To obtain answers to questions To solve a problem To improve the health of people To improve practice To advance one’s career
Enjoying and advancing in research Gaining research skills Learning from established researchers Being part of a research team Collaborating with other researchers
Conducting research In a university (medical school) setting In regular clinical practice
Regulating research Need for ethical committees Need to submit research proposals for review Need to protect the rights of research subjects Need for informed consent of participants
Belmont Report: 1974 Three Ethical Principles should guide medical research 1. Respect for Persons 2. Beneficence 3. Justice
Belmont Report 1. Respect for Persons individuals be treated as autonomous human beings and be allowed to choose for themselves extra protection for individuals with impaired ability to decide for themselves
Belmont Report 2. Beneficence Do no harm (non-maleficence) Minimization of harms Maximization of benefits
Belmont Report 3. Justice research is designed so that its burdens and benefits are shared equitably among groups of populations fairness in the selection of research subjects, e.g., one should not select subjects based on their easy availability or their compromised position (e.g., individuals in a mental institutions)
Steps in conducting research Identify a research topic Formulate research questions Do a literature review Revise your research questions Formulate a hypothesis Design a data collection instrument Submit proposal for ethical approval Submit proposal for funding Collect data Enter and analyze data Report research findings
WRITING GRANT PROPOSALS
Building skills Writing scientific papers with references Following instructions Being at home with the internet Checking s Writing and getting feedback Writing and justifying budgets Making oral presentations
Process Identify call for proposals Read instructions carefully Do background research Write proposal Obtain peer review Submit
Call for proposals Google search Information from friends and international contacts Information from journals NIH calls for proposals
Preparations Develop research or intervention ideas into proposals which you keep Talk with other people
Following instructions Cover letter Page limit Word count Font size Proposal sections and order Submission deadline Reference format
Background research Literature review What is known about topic What is not known about topic Find knowledge gaps that your work can fill How will your work add to knowledge Give enough time for work on submission
Components of proposal Executive summary Statement of need Project Description Budget Conclusion
Executive Summary Summarize key information Should include Problem Solution Funding Requirements Characteristics of your organization
Statement of need Support your statements with facts Get straight to the point Be persuasive
Project description Describes project implementation and evaluation Should include Objectives Methodology Analysis Staffing Evaluation Dissemination Sustainability
Budget Must be an obvious product of project design Can be divided into personnel and non-personnel costs Personnel Salaries, benefits, consultants Non-personnel Travel, equipment, printing
Budget justification Reason why so much money is needed Straight to the point Objective arguments
Conclusion Summarizes main points Brief State what you want to do and why Emphasize need for funding
Peer review Consult experts while writing proposal Listen to comments and make changes Write and re-write No typos or grammatical errors
Basic elements of a proposal What is the problem? What do you intend to do about it? How will you measure your success?
Writing a research document
Sections of a dissertation or thesis Abstract Introduction Literature Review Methodology Results Limitations Discussion Conclusion and recommendations References
Modification for a journal article Abstract Introduction Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion and recommendations References
Abstract Usually a 150 word limit Structured abstract Objectives Setting Methods Results Conclusion Descriptive abstract Summary of paper without headings
Introduction for a thesis Background information Reasons for selecting topic Information about study area Problem statement A detailed and expanded description of the subject being studied What are the problems arising because this research has not been done Justification Reasons why this subject is worth studying Objectives What do you hope to learn from the study
Parts of the introduction for a journal article What is known about the topic Current knowledge about research topic Brief account of most important work in the field What is unknown about the topic Questions raised by important current research What does this work seek to add to current knowledge Questions being addressed by this work
Content of introduction for a journal article The known, the unknown, the research question Existing key research Statement of type of study design Objective of study Use only a few references
Literature review What is known about the subject? What questions have been raised by previous research? What will this study add to the existing pool of knowledge?
Methodology Subject selection Data collection Data collection tools Data handling Data analysis
Results What was found? Best divided into sections
Limitations What are the shortcomings of the study?
Discussion Summary of main results Explanation of results Comparison of results with previous work For each result item there should be a discussion
Conclusions and Recommendations What have you learnt? What needs to be done?
References Vancouver style Harvard style
Getting published Select appropriate journal Read instructions for authors Read papers from journal Get your manuscript to match journal requirements Submit paper Act on reviewer comments Have no fear of reject letters
Finally….. A research career is a worthwhile and enjoyable one to pursue Research should not be far removed from practice Anyone with research and writing skills can get published